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fully understanding what is to be fully understood, he should train, abandoning what is to be abandoned, he should train, developing what is to be developed, he should train, realizing what is to be realized, he should train, he should practice, he should thoroughly practice, he should undertake and live by it. – How should one, being in doubt, train for the path of knowledge? “Having known, the Dhamma was declared by the recluse.” “Having known” means: having known, having understood, having weighed, having discerned, having clarified, having made manifest, it was declared, it was proclaimed, it was taught, it was expounded, it was made known, it was established, it was revealed, it was analyzed, it was made clear, it was manifested. “All formations are impermanent” – having known, having understood, having weighed, having discerned, having clarified, having made manifest, it was declared, it was proclaimed, it was taught, it was expounded, it was made known, it was established, it was revealed, it was analyzed, it was made clear, it was manifested. “All formations are suffering” – … “All phenomena are non-self” – … “Conditioned by ignorance are formations” – … “Conditioned by birth is old age and death” – … “With the cessation of ignorance is the cessation of formations” – … “With the cessation of birth is the cessation of old age and death” – … “This is suffering” – … “This is the path leading to the cessation of suffering” – … “These are the taints” – … “This is the path leading to the cessation of the taints” – … “These phenomena are to be directly known” – … “These phenomena are to be fully understood” – … “These phenomena are to be abandoned” – … “These phenomena are to be developed” – … “These phenomena are to be realized” – … The origin and passing away, the gratification and danger, and the escape from the six sense bases – … from the five aggregates of clinging – … from the four great elements – … “Whatever is of the nature to arise, all that is of the nature to cease” – having known, having understood, having weighed, having discerned, having clarified, having made manifest, it was declared, it was proclaimed, it was taught, it was expounded, it was made known, it was established, it was revealed, it was analyzed, it was made clear, it was manifested. And this was said by the Blessed One: “I teach the Dhamma, monks, having directly known it, not without directly knowing it. I teach the Dhamma, monks, with a cause, not without a cause. I teach the Dhamma, monks, with a marvel, not without a marvel. To me, monks, who teaches the Dhamma having directly known it, not without directly knowing it, who teaches the Dhamma with a cause, not without a cause, who teaches the Dhamma with a marvel, not without a marvel— Indeed, advice should be given, instruction should be given. And it is enough, monks, for your contentment, enough for your joy, enough for your happiness that the Fully Self-Awakened One is the Blessed One, the Dhamma is well-expounded, the Saṅgha is well-practiced. And while this exposition was being spoken, the ten-thousandfold world system trembled"— the Dhamma, known, was proclaimed by the recluse. Therefore the Blessed One said: "Anger and falsehood and doubt, these states exist in two ways; The doubter should train for the path of knowledge, the Dhamma, known, was proclaimed by the recluse." 104. Pleasant and unpleasant, from what are they arisen? When what is absent, do these not occur? Existence and non-existence, and this meaning, Tell me this, from what is it arisen? "Pleasant and unpleasant, from what are they arisen?" From what are pleasant and unpleasant arisen, from what born, from what produced, from what generated, from what manifested, from what appeared? What is their cause, what is their origin, what is their birth, what is their source? He asks the root of pleasant and unpleasant... He asks the origin, he asks, he requests, he implores, he entreats— "Pleasant and unpleasant, from what are they arisen?" "When what is absent, do these not occur?" When what is absent, not existing, not found, do pleasant and unpleasant not occur, not arise, not come into being, not come forth, not generate, not manifest?— "When what is absent, do these not occur?" "Existence and non-existence, and this meaning." What is the existence of pleasant and unpleasant? That which is the existence, the origin, the birth, the coming forth, the generation, the manifestation, the appearance of pleasant and unpleasant— this is the existence of pleasant and unpleasant. What is the non-existence of pleasant and unpleasant? That which is the decay, the decline, the breaking up, the disintegration, the impermanence, the disappearance of pleasant and unpleasant— this is the non-existence of pleasant and unpleasant. "And this meaning" means this ultimate meaning— "Existence and non-existence, and this meaning." "Tell me this, from what is it arisen?" "This" is what I ask, what I request, what I implore, what I entreat. "Tell me" means speak, say, explain, teach, declare, establish, reveal, analyze, make clear. "How is it?" – tell me this. "From what origin?" – what is its origin, what is its source, what is its birth, what is its arising – tell me this, from what origin. Then that created being said: "Pleasure and pain, from what origin are they? When what is absent, do these not exist? Non-existence and existence, and this meaning, tell me this, from what origin." 105. Pleasure and pain have contact as their origin, when contact is absent, these do not exist; Non-existence and existence, and this meaning, I tell you this, from this origin. "Pleasure and pain have contact as their origin." Dependent on contact that is pleasant-feeling, pleasant feeling arises. With the cessation of that very contact that is pleasant-feeling, that feeling born of it, the pleasant feeling that arose dependent on contact that is pleasant-feeling, that ceases, that is appeased. Dependent on contact that is painful-feeling, painful feeling arises. With the cessation of that very contact that is painful-feeling, that feeling born of it, the painful feeling that arose dependent on contact that is painful-feeling, that ceases, that is appeased. Dependent on contact that is neither-painful-nor-pleasant-feeling, neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling arises. With the cessation of that very contact that is neither-painful-nor-pleasant-feeling, that feeling born of it, the neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling that arose dependent on contact that is neither-painful-nor-pleasant-feeling, that ceases, that is appeased. "Pleasure and pain have contact as their origin." Pleasure and pain have contact as their origin, contact as their source, contact as their birth, contact as their arising – "Pleasure and pain have contact as their origin." "When contact is absent, these do not exist." When contact is absent, not existing, not found, not obtainable, pleasure and pain do not exist, do not arise, are not born, are not produced, do not come into being, do not manifest, do not appear – "when contact is absent, these do not exist." "Non-existence and existence, and this meaning." The view of existence also has contact as its origin, the view of non-existence also has contact as its origin. "And this meaning" means "and this ultimate meaning" – non-existence and b... And also this meaning, this state of existence. This I declare to you, its origin from this. "This" means what you ask, what you request, what you entreat, what you please. "I declare" means I speak, I explain, I teach, I make known, I establish, I reveal, I analyze, I make clear, I make manifest – this I declare to you. "Its origin from this" means its origin from contact, its arising from contact, its birth from contact, its source from contact – this I declare to you, its origin from this. Therefore the Blessed One said: "From contact arises pleasure and displeasure, When contact is absent, these do not exist; And also this meaning, this state of non-existence and existence, This I declare to you, its origin from this." 106. Whence, then, is contact in the world? And whence arise attachments? When what is absent, is there no 'mine'? When what has vanished, do contacts not touch? "Whence, then, is contact in the world?" Contact, from what origin? From what born? From what arisen? From what produced? From what manifested? From what appeared? What is its origin? What is its source? What is its birth? What is its cause? He asks for the root of contact, he asks for the cause (and so on), he asks for the origin, he inquires, he requests, he entreats, he pleases – "Whence, then, is contact in the world?" "And whence arise attachments?" Attachments, from what arisen? From what born? From what arisen? From what produced? From what manifested? From what appeared? What is their origin? What is their source? What is their birth? What is their cause? He asks for the root of attachments, he asks for the cause (and so on), he asks for the origin, he inquires, he requests, he entreats, he pleases – "And whence arise attachments?" "When what is absent, is there no 'mine'?" When what is absent, not existing, not found, there is no 'mine', they do not exist, they are not found, they are not perceived. They are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquilized, incapable of arising again, burnt by the fire of knowledge – "When what is absent, is there no 'mine'?" "When what has vanished, do contacts not touch?" When what has vanished, disappeared, overcome, completely overcome, passed away, contacts do not touch – When this has vanished, contacts do not touch. Therefore, that created one said: "Contact in the world, whence is it born? And attachments, whence are they brought forth? When what is not, no 'mine-ness' is there? When what has vanished, contacts do not touch?" On name and form, contact depends. Desires are the source, of attachments. When desire is not,