English
) And the large and strong tough fibrous longi¬ tudinal bands and chords are called ‘lcandara\ Kandaras are 16 ; 4 in feet (tendo achilis in the leg and semimarhransus tendon in the thigh), 4 in the arms {suginator longus tendon in the forearm, and the semilunar or hicepiial fascia tendon in the arm,) 4 in the neck {slerno-eleido- mastoid tendon, memhrana tectora, memhrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior, lig.cruciatam atlantis 5. '^'sir^r ^ i I im ^ iik 30 ANCIENTBINDUMEDCINE with crus siiperius and inferms), 4 in the spinal column (lig. longitn,di',iule anter-iiis, lig. lonyitudinale posterius, Ug.flavum^ and lig. supraspinale). The terminals of the 'kandaras' of the hand and feet are in tlie nails ; tliose of the neck passing through tlie heart terminate in tlie sexual organ (inedhra) and tiiose of tlie spinal column passing through the pelvis terminate in the pubis.” Susruta III. 5. 10.®“ Susruta Ligaments Tendons 1. The Extremities. Toe 5 X 6 = 30 Ankle' Heel - 30 Sole _ 28 27 + 5 = 32 Palmar hand lig collateralia and syno¬ vial membrane at each interphalangeal joint, 2 in each toe and 1 in the large toe(S x 4 +1 = P)and 5 dorsal extensor tendons. 5 Eour ligaments and one synovial membrane 6 Eive tendons. 18 intratarsal ligg. and 10 s. membrane. Leg 30 28 Thigh 40 34 Hip-joint 10 8 + 1 = 9 Knee-joint 10 7+3 = 10 150x4 = 600 *tciuir msTr: i f^ i I IU ANATOMY 31 Loin Back-bone Sides (24 ribs) II. The Trunk. 60 18 71 Lig. interspinalia, lig. supra-spinalia, Hg. flava—vel subflava and synovial membrane for eaclf of the 12 thora¬ cic and 5 lumbar verte¬ brae and 3 common lic-a- ments for all. 60 72 Lig. capituli costae radia- tum, lig. capituli costae interarticulare and syno¬ vial membrane for each of the 24 costo-vertebral articulations. 30 56 Lig. costo-sternalium radiatum, lig. costo- xiphoidea, lig. sterno¬ costal ia interarticularia and the posterior costo- sternal ligament for each of the l4 ribs (7 imirs) 230 32 ANCIEXT HINDU MEDICINE III. The Neck and the Head. Neck 36 52 Head 31 31 70 Total 900“ 4 Ligaments for‘'each of the 7 cervical vertebrae, sterno-clavicular 12 and acromo-clavicular liga¬ ments 12. Occipito-atloid joints 2 a nd each is provided with 8 ligaments, membrana atlanto occipitalis anteri¬ or, membrana occipitalis posterior, membrana tectora, lig. cruciatum atlantis, lig. alaria, lig. apicis dentis. capsular ligament and svnovial membrane; atlo-axoid joints are three, each supplied Avith 5 liga¬ ments, lig. transversum atlantis, capsular, anteri¬ or and posterior atlo- axoid ligaments and synovial membrane. Susruta III. 5, 30—32“ 6. 7 ,^ 1 cirer sicttOt i f" fwsig i 11 ^“ i ctun^t vw i I ^ I 1 ^ac l 3 IcR®- I \ i fwat^ ANATOMY 33 It will be noticed that there is a marked dis- crepanc}’ between the two figures. And it may be due to the different metliods of calculation and classification, or it is possible that by ‘snayti* Cliaraka and Sus'ruta meant something entirely different from the ligament and the tendon. The general tendency of the Sanskrit scholars is to regard ‘smyii’ as nerve. But tliis is contradicted by its etymological derivation from 'siici’ or ‘si\ to bind and the Susruta mentions 210 joints, but does not say anything anywhere else of the binding material that holds them together excepting of 14 ‘simanta' at the junc¬ tion of more than two bones {samgluita). He could not possibly omit to mention the binding material of the rest of the joints, when he has been minute in every other detail. And more¬ over the internal evidence tends to prove that he meant by ^snayiC, ligaments and tendons as he says :— “Snayus are of four kinds—branching {pratanavatt), globular (vrtta), extensive {prthu) and perforated (siisira^ The ‘snayus* in the four branches apd joints are branching ; ‘kandaras* (the large snayus) are globular; the ‘snayus' of the anterior parts of the stomach, intestine and the bladder are perforated ; the ‘snayus* of the sides, breast, back-bone and the head are extensive. 34 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE f “As a boat of wooden planks well tied by manj'^ knots, can bear tbe weight of anin^als and goods in water, so a man can carry weight as his joints are knotted together by ‘snayus\ The body does not suffer as much by the destruction of the bones, muscles or joints as by the destruction of ‘4•Kay^fs^ The physician that knows well the internal and superficial ‘s7iayus' can only extract from the body, the deeply impregnated missiles”, “Susrnfa III. 5. 34-36.”^ “The flesh (of the body) being tied to the bones by vascular system and * *snayiis\ do no t tear out and fall down”. Snsruta Ill. 5. 22 ,' 7. 1 1 ii^ fra liattfr? ii ^1*14911’(<41*93 ^ I qfrfrfr crar w •na 41919114^1457 I HKW ?HaiT ii i VTRg^T SiU; II *r "sp^fr a w a fsiu a ^ ' ' sqTqif^crrem aiClR<ii*i ii w. : qftjiHifr qmrgr^i’frrretm i 5!<si’7TTg tf%aw 11^4 S. frqgifr famRr; i *7 qafri at ii^H ANATOMY 35 \ JV.—The Vascular System. The vttsoulciv systsm = tubular vessel) is no less difficult; rather more so, as it defies all hu¬ man ingenuity to describe it in tabulated figures. Por the arteries bifurcate into branches and twigs, and spread out all over the body in infinite shape and size ; the veins commence at the ter¬ minations of the capillaries and as they converge towards the heart, they form larger and still larger vessels, uniting with one another until finally seven large trunks empty their contents into the auricles of the heart; likewise the lym¬ phatic and the nervous networks. Hardly two vessels are of equal length, size, shape and di¬ mension in two different parts of the body. Therefore any comparison is necessarily to be more or less of guess-work. In the following table only the large and distinctive longitudinal vessels have been counted from the ‘Atlas of Applied Topogy'aphical Anatomy^ of Karl von Bardeleben and Heinrich Haeckel and the ‘Megional Ana¬ tomy* of George Mo Clellan. It seems that Susruta includes'the nervous net-work in the vascular system which he divides into four classes, nervous ( Vojita —air ), venous ( pitta-hWe ), lymphatic ( AtapAa-phlegm ) and arterial ( raktavaha-sira- blood-carrying vessel ). The identification of the 36 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE ‘vata, pitta, haplia and raktavaha sir as’ wnh the •nervous, venous, lymphatic and arterial systems is not far-feched and fanciful. For Sus'ruta says :—“Tho'yato’-carrying vessels are of tawny or light-golden-brown ( aruria) colour, and are tilled with air; ‘pi^/a’-carrying vessels are all warm and of blue {iiiUi) colour ; ‘kapha’ bearing vessels are cool and of white ( sveta ) colour; the blood-carrying vessels are of red ( lohita ) colour and are neither warm nor cold.” III. 7. 13 “There are seven hundred tubular vessels : as gardens by water-conduits and fields by canals are irrigated and nourished, so by the irrigating and draining action of the %7'as’ the body is nourished and sustained. As the midrib of a plant-leaf gives oft laterally countless veins, so from the main (sh'as) small and smaller branches spread out.” Susruta iii. 7, 2®. 8a. cT^re<ar firo: i 9 - fatwJicfrfiT adfojirm cjr^rt i mf cicra ^ ii^ Susnitn Nerve- Veins Arteries Lymph Lymph trunks vessels I. The Four Branches ANATOMY \ ce CD CO Ci ' P 1 05 CM p ^ g -S cd Sh O •ri. P O o < a? P S p c3 CO O a d o i_Lj i => r-t ^ ce . , o S fee o G O o CO 05 CM B o a 05 Pd ^ lO .1- a rO CM CM CO CO 00 o> CO I—I 3 ^ o 00 CO CM p-^r^ o _ 05 rH rH rH C<I |>* >n) lO CM O iO CM 5 ^ p.^ ,ea&s 3 &-I p ^ r?, X X Ph o <3 o oo ^ CM P O o O . CO feo CD U CD G o ^ •d “ jij - O ® S O) C!3 S-> p. Ph CO W PQ 02 o <D o c/} o o p feD G O 37 auditory vein. Eye 4p 4< 5 u Nerves: frontal, oculo-motor, optic, trochlear ; Veins : vena vorticosa, retinal,conjunctival, choroid and ciliary ; arteries : arteria centralis retinae, suprascleral, ciliary,choroid & conjunctival. 38 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE ) “The nervous (vata), the venous ( iMta ), lymphatic {kapha) vessels are 175 each as well as the arterial (blood-carrying siras) passing the liver and the spleen. Thus seven hundred ‘stms’ spread out all over the body. In one foot, there are 25 nerve-vessels ; likewise in the other foot and each of the arms. There are 34 nerve-vessels in the trunk of the body : in the pelvic region 8, in the sides 2 each, in the back 6, and in the breast 10, above the shoulder, there are 45 ; in the neck 14, in the two ears 4, in the tongue 9 and both the eyes 8. Thus 176 nerve- vessels are described. And this description also corresponds to that of the venous, lymphatic and the arterial (blood-carrying) vessels, with this exception that instead of 8 nerve-vessels in the eyes and 4 in the ears, there are 10 (in the eyes) and 2 (in the ears) of the venous, lymphatic and blood-carrying (arterial) vessels.” SuMa III. 5. 7. 6-7*“. 10. ctT€t ^31, ^SI, qjtR- sjfi vqfir, grq'Si fqTrqrf%^'. q'frefK, qrqiqifv^v? qjqsw^, ^- Roaictrf^t iii, ANATOMY 39 Th^t the heart was the centre of tlie circu¬ latory iystem, of the blood, was well understood hy Susruta (1. 14!. 3-()) and according to Charaka it has 10 out-going {cirterial) and in-coming {venous) trunk-vessels (1. 30. 1). “Though chyle [ras] circulates all through¬ out the body, its principal centre is the heart {hrdaija).