English
23-29^^ 3a. i !i ^iwfr 11 I I ?rr^ r 20 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE III. Myology In myology, the muscular system, though Sasruta at first appears to be fantastical and vague, yet by comparative study, it can be easily seen that notwithstanding imperfection and clumsiness, there is some fundamental truth in the statement. Sasruta mentions 500 muscles (pes'i) wliile Steadman’s Medical Dictionary gives the names of 427 muscles. It is possible that Susruta duplicates many continuous muscles and omits many deep-underlying muscles, especially of the upper part of the body. Muscles according Muscles according to to Susruta. Cunningham’s Anatomy. I. The Lower Exremity Toe Tore foot Ankle & Sole Heel 3 X 5 = 15 10 10 10 2 tendons and 2 ligaments. 31 7 9 Leg and foot 25 Leg 20 12 Knee 5 3 tendons and - 4 ligaments. ’afs^wn ^ AK ATOMY 21 Thigh * 20 22 Thigh and buttock ' 25 Groin ■* 10 8 and 2 liga¬ ments. 100 II. The Truukof the BocIa' V Pelvic region 3 2 Ischio-coccygeus anp Penis 1 Erector 1'' Levator Ani; hut the ‘Levator ani’ is divisible into 4 parts. Perineum 12 Spermatic cord 1 penis 1 Spermatic cord passing Testes 2 1 ( 1 I through ‘cremaster’^ 1 muscle. Dartos muscle in Bladder 2 1. scrotum. Compressor Urethrae Stomach Breast 6' 10. Thorax 12 j !Anterior muscles of Abdomen 6 3 1 the Trunk 19 Navel 1 -J M Shoulder 7 5 Back 16 16 There are 16 super¬ / Buttocks 2x5 = 10 8 ficial and and 15 deeper muscles in the back. 9.2 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE Heart and Colon 2 3 m yocardium ancl mas- culi papillares tunica muscularis (colon). HI. The Neck and the Head. The back neck 4 Jaws Thyroid Tongue 2x4 = 8 1x2-2 1 6 5 3 Cheeks Nose Front neck Eye Forehead Palate Thyro-hyoid,Stylo-hyoid and Steruo-hyoid. or 8, The'extrinsic mus¬ cles' : genio-glossus,hyo- glossus, styloglossus and palato-glossus. The ‘in- . trinsic muscles’ : supe- 'rior lingualis, inferior lingualis, transverse fi- ^ o _ 9 r andvertical fibres. 2 ^"“ gy The mouth 11 (eleven) 24-2=4 10 1x2 = 2 7 in the orbit and 4 in the eye-lids. 1 4 Front¬ alis 2 Occipi¬ talis and Trapezius2 ? The scalp 6 The top of the head 1 Ear 2 1 I Ejiicranial Aponeurosis S' ANATOMY 23 iV. The Female Renroductiv^e Organs Mam mae 5x2 = 10 Vagina 2 + 2 = 4) 2 + f Uterus 3 Fallopian tube 3 5 Pectoralis major, serra- tns magnus, liga¬ ments of Cooper, apo- runirosis and recto abdominis muscles. = 5 Tunica muscularis, rugae vaginales, and (common bulbo caver- nesus, sphincter ani, externeus levator ani and erector clitoridis = erector penis). 3 Ligamentum latum uteri (broad ligament), ligamentum teres uteri (round ligament) and the muscular ‘corpus uteri’. 3 Tunica muscularis, ligamentum ovarium proprium and meso- varium. “There are 500 muscles [peso]. 400 of them are in the 4 extremities, 66 in the trunk, and 34 abov'e the shoulder (in the neck and the head). 24 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE “The toes ( imdungiili ) of each foot have 15 muscles, having 3 muscles for each toe 10 in the fore-foot {pddagre) ; 10 in the heel {kurch- cha) ; in the ankle and the sole (gulpha-falayoh) 10 ; between the ankle and the knee {gzilpha- janvaniare = Jeg) 20 ; 5 in the knee {jami) ; 20 in the thigh {uni) ; 10 in the groin {vanksana) ; thus in one foot there are 100 muscles ; so in the other foot and the two arms. “In the jielvis (jodyti) 3 ; in the penis (medhre) 1 ; in the spermatic cord {sevcinl) 1 ; in the testes {vi'scitij 2 ; in the buttocks {spliicha) 5 each ; in the upper part over the bladder {vasti-sirasi) 2 ; 5 in the stomach {nclara) ; in the navel {ncihhi) 1 ; in the upper back {pfsth- ordhci) 5 longitudinal {muscles) on each side ; in the sides(of the spinal column ; 10 in the breast {Vaksa) ; in the shoulder {aksakdmsa) 7 ; 2 in the heart and colon {hrdaydmcisaya) ; 6 in the spleen, liver and the lower intestine {yakrt- plllid-unduka = abdomen). “In the back part of the neck {grlvci) 4 ; 8 in the jaws {hami ); in the thyroid .cartilage {kdkalaka) 2 ; in the palate {tdlu) '2 ; in the tongue {jihvd ) 1 ; in the cheeks 2 ; in the ,uose {ghona) 2 ; 2 in the eyes {netra)-, in the front neck {gan a) 4 ; in the two ears {karna) 2 ; 4 in ANVTOMV 25 - the forehead (lalafa) , and 1 (one) on the top of the heasd (slrasi). “A woman has 20 more muscles than man : 10 in the two mamma? (stancf) at 5 each, which are developed in adolescence ; in the vagina (apatyapatha) 4, two in the entrance and two in the interior ; in the uterus ((jarblia-cchidra) 3 and in the fallopian tubes (suhrarttava-pravesa), the muscles are 3. “According to the position, the muscles are grouped together (vahula), isolated (pelava), thick (sthTda), thin (sukpna), extensive (pvthu), globular (vrtta= tendon), short long- cylindrical (dlrgha), hard (sthira), soft (mpdu), smooth = unstriated, that is primitive involuntary muscles), striated (l’rtrA*flsa-' oluntary muscles with transverse stripes), and they cover the joints, bones, arteries and nervous fibres according to tbeir respective needs. “The muscles that have been mentioned of men in their penis and testicles, cover in women their interior reproductive organs.” Stismta 111 . 5. 37-45.* _ 4. I nraf staiPr sinstri i i 1 i ^ I ^ fcajfa: i gnif’T \ 26 ANCIENT HINDU ^MEDICINE The difference betu^een SusTuta’s 500 muscles and Stedman’s 427 muscles, which if counted separately like Susruta on both sides of the body would amount to nearly 800 muscles, can be easily accounted for by the fact that not only the modern classification and nomen¬ clature of the muscles are different from tbe ^ ^T^Tcfr n fro: qRT I 1 ^ i qg I qfeferffr i i i q^ i q^ qi"i>ii: i i ’q^qrrCi qfcf i ^ i 11 qkF(T I I i ^ i qqiT I 1 f I f I 1 I q:qiT fefe qsitwcnrq n ao qqrqfqT ^q^icr: n fqsrf^Tqqn I q^ q^, crot qff?r%: I ^q^5 mw f, qm ^ qr^f ^ 1 I wrnqqqfejqfe^ qq ii rq^qqqi[3Tq^^ Wfsiqt qq 11 qurt qf ^q'qq^5P5'ig¥q?^qlq%K?^^^qT^2!vrTqr: ^^1%“ f^T^rgqqsiqqrr ^qjqq qq qqf^ ii a v* vrqfq ^q — g qr HK^Tqqr: qi^il t ^tihilTqT?cq fqepq qi^^q^qq f% qi*. II II ANAT03IY 27 vangien't Hindu system, but Susmta did not include<,tbe tendons {mamsa-rrrjjn) and ligaments is’imaiitci) in tlie muscular order. It is evident from close comparative study that the Susruta school ot anatomy had tolerably sound know¬ ledge of the human muscular svstem for all practical purposes. Susruta mentions 1-1 joints of more than 2 bones (samyJicita) uiiich are held together by a band or sheet of fibrous tissue, which he calls ‘s'imant(i that is ligament. He enumerated them in the following junctions :—“Three are in each foot at the ankle ( a joint of iibia^ fibula and astragalus^ held together by , — anterior tvbio-fibular ligament^ ]}osterior tibio-fibidar tig., talo-fibulare anterias, calcaneo-jibulare, talo- Jibulare posterins and ligamentnm deltoidemu), at the knee (a joint of the femur, xibiu, capped by the patella, lield together by ligamentnm patellae, lig. Posticum Winslowii, lig. collater- ale tibiale, lig. eollaterale fibtdare and ligamenta cruciata genu), at the liip-joint (of i\\efemur, ilium and imbis, held together by lig. Transversum ncelabidi, 'lig. iiio-femorale, lig. pubofemorale, lig. fiscliio-eapsulare, and lig. teres femoris ) ; so in the arns at the ivrist (a radiocarpal articulation between the radius and the 28 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE scaphoid^ semilunar and cuneiform honesi licld toi^etlier by the external lateral ligament^ internal lateral ligament ^anterior and posterior ligaments)y at the elbow ( a joint of hurneriiSy radius and uhuiy held together by the anterior and posterior ligaments^ lig. collaterale ulnar and lig. collaterale radiale)^, and at the arm-pit (tlie shoulder-joint of tlie head of tlie litoneriis^ glenoid fossa of scapula and the coracoid process^ lield together by lahvimi glenoidaley capsula articularis and liga- menium coracodmmerale). Acceding to others, there are 18 (ligaments). The above-mentioned 14, one at the pelvis {sacrodUac joint of sacrum^ ilium and puhiSy held together by lig. sacrodliac- um ant eras y lig. sacrbdliacum posterns hr eve lig. sacrodliacum posterns longnniy lig. ilio-lumhaley. lig. sacro-tuherosum. lig. sacro-spinosinUy lig. pnbicum poster instant erhtSySupcidiis and inferins^^^t the upper-breast {sterno-clavicnlar \pmt of the ster¬ num 'ciwdi clavicles lield together by sternodavi- cuUms and Ug. rhomhoidale) and tlie lower-breast [sterno-costal joints of the sternum and the seven costal cartilages held together by lig.^ costoder- nalinm radiatimy ligg. sterno-costalia interarticu- laria) and at the neck {scapulo-clavicular joint held together by lig. coraco-clavieitlarey lig^ ANATOMY 29 I comidemi and Hg. trapezoideimi). Susruta III. 5. It is very likely that Susruta by ‘simanta' means only the synovial capsule and the mem¬ brane wliich are usually found at the joint of more than two bones and which he calls ‘sam- gluitcC. Uy the general term ‘sandhV he has designated the articular joint and which he has enumerated as 210 and the fibrous band which binds the bones at the joints together (ligament') and tlie muscles to the bones {tendons,) whether it is ligamentous or tendonous, he calls by the common designation ‘snZiyu’-‘io bind’ and which he describes to be nice hundred {III. 5. 80.