English
d X o II d X CO ce c; Kf} a m d rS C S ^ p*' p —I QQ M EH Enumerated among the *griva * I’ectli [dantct) Socket of ANATOMY O \ Cl CO rH lO O CM O CO C'l CO CO o (M -- CO o 0.{ o CO 01 Cl CO CO o CM lO) o CM CO CM CO o o 36 o Cl JO o CC| o z> o • 1-^ _ —^ P +-i o :-c in o o X ^ ::: CD o O E~i o , C3 S rH ^ ce o H H - 1 o CO H l-H CD , 1—1 l-H •— 1—1 j—f 1—1 H 11 12 ANCIENT HINEU 3IEDIC1NE I “With teeth, sockets of teeth and nails, tlicre are altogether 860 hones in the wholeof thf.Qitnncmy body. As the following :—sockets of teeth 32 ; nails 20 ; long bones of hand and feet 20 ; their bases 4; bones of fingers 60 ; heels 2 ; bases of the feet 2 ; wrist bones 4 ; ankle-hones 4 ; in the fore-arms 4 ; in the leg 1; knee-caps 2 ; elbow-pans 2 ; in the thighs 2 ; in the arms 2 ; collar bones 2 ; shoulder-blades 2 ; palate hones 2 ; the pelvic ring 2 ; ilium 1 ; sacrum 1; coccyx 1 ; hack-bone 35 ; neck-bones 15 ; trachea 1; jaw bones 2 ; bases of the jaw bones 2 parietal 2 ; malar 2 ; nasal bones 3 ; ribs ; 24 ; thoracic ribs 24 and sockets of the ribs 24 and altogether on the sides 72 bones ; temporal hones 2 ; frontal craniun 4 ; breast bones 17 ; altogether tliree hundred and sixty bones.”Charaka IV.7.4.^ 1. Cbaraka IV. 7. 4 SfctliqOTt I hl’siFi:. f' qmfff* f?[T4 ^k; ^r#t; ^ravi': wn%, ^ 3 raTi% f f ^5535!^%, € 5 i^, wJivr^l^T- tjra'^rH cTrafjfi =^Tfi; fei^qraibr ifib!! 1 ANATOMY 13 ‘• According to the medical men, there are 360 bones, but in surgery 300 bones are enumer¬ ated. Qf these 300 bones, in the branches, that is in both the arms and feet, tliere are 120 ; in the pelvic region, back and the breast, there ure 120 ; and above the trunk 63 : altogether there are 300 bones in the human body, “Eollowing are the 120 bones in the branch¬ es ;-~-at every finger of the foot, there are 3— so 16 ; the foot-support {metatarsus)^ the ankle- bones and their base 10 ; heel 1 ; in the leg 2 ; in the knee-cap 1 ; in the thigh 1 ; so in one foot there are 30 bones : so in the other foot and arms, “In the pelvis 6 as coccyx, ilium, pubis 4 and sacrum 1 ; ribs 32 one side and the same on the other ; back-bones 30 ; in the breast 8 ; shoulder-blades 2. •‘In the neck 9 ; in the wind-pipe 4 ; jaw¬ bones 2 ; teeth 32 ; in the nose 3 ; palate 1 ; malar temporal and ear bones 2 each ; in the cranium 6.” Susruta III. 5. 17-20. Susruta III. 5. 1 g ^ arninr i siustti i sjct i jjW ugif i fins jjcitPt II iftpsi ftin i I qrii!rn^5| i ? i I f^sig i i ? i k I I f I i €lf<5 I I 'sf i ii R® 14 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE “The bones of the hand are 27 ; of th^ feet 4 ; of the neck up to the grand (bacic-bone — shoulder blades) 7 ; pelvis 5 ; back-boiies 20 ; the head with eyes 8 ; in total 91 with the nails 111. As to man, the bones we have ourselves learnt to know are :—the back-bones above collar-bones with the grand (shoulder-blades) 7 ; the back-bones as well as those of the sides (t'ibs 12 ; the back-bones that go farther the ribs in the pelvis 5.”) Hippocrates : The 'Nature of (Bones, I. (Peri osteo^i p>hysios). From the above comparative table, it is evident that the Hindu anatomists, especially the Susruta school, had a tolerably sound know¬ ledge of osteology. The discrepancies in the figures are due to the fact that the Hindus counted the processes, cartilaginous structures and the teeth as bones. But they classified the bones into five kinds according to their nature of constitution. (Susruta III. 5. 21). The nails— the epidermal formations were dismissed by Susruta as bones. If the teeth were counted in the skeleton, it is because the teeth are bone¬ like, hard and strong. Histology is -a recent science and it could not .be known in ancient times that tooth is a calcified papilla of the mucous membrane. If the cartilages, especially ANATOM V 15 the Postal cartilages of the ribs have been counted as the bones, it is because in the embryoMic state all the hones are in cartilagi¬ nous conditiou and in certain diseases, the costal cartilages become ossified. Sus'ruta counts 30 as the dorsal and the lumbar vertebrae, for the reasons that the spinal column really consists of 33 irregular bony segments of wliich the upper 24 are separated during life by discs of spinous cartilaginous articular processes, and are therefore called “true” or “movable” vertebrae, in distinction from the lower 9 which are called the “false” or “fixed” vertebrae, for they become consolidated into the sacrum and the coccyx. The Hindu anatomists counted the constituent bones of the sacrum and the coccyx as separate bones as Avell as the spinous processes, belonging to the vertebrae. While the modern anatomists designate as vertebrae the upper 24 loose bones, consisting of the ‘c(;rvicar 7, ‘dorsal’ or ‘thoracic’ the succeeding 12, and the ‘lumbar’ the lower 5. The Hindu anatomists enumerated the cervical vertibrae as the ‘grlya’ or neck bones, adding also to it the hyoid bone. In the wind-pipe (hanthanaH) the "Tour cartilages—cuneiform, arytenoid, thyroid and cricoid, were counted as bones. The 16 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE breast-bone is given by Sus'ruta to be 8, f6r be includes among the breast-bones the 2 collar bones and as the sternum really consists of three parts, the ‘manubrium’ Avhich usually remains separate throughout life from the rest of tlie bone, the cartilaginous ‘metasternum’ and the ‘corpus sterni’ or ‘mesosternum’ which is formed by the fusion in early life of four -segments. So if we try to identify the nomenclature and designation of the ancient Hindu and the modern systems of osteology, it becomes clear that the Hindus had acquired a sound knowledge of the human skeleton. And the term ‘skeleton’ {from the Gr. sheletos = dried) is applied to the parts which remain after the softer tissues of the body have been disintegrated or removed and includes not only the bones ,but also the cartilages and ligaments which bind them together ( Cunningham : Anatomy, p. 67). In this generic sense the Hindus described their bony frame-work, but classified the bones into five kinds according to their composition as flat {kapala), tooth {ruchalca)^ tender {tariina), strong (halaya) and hollow {nalaka) bones. (3) “These bones are of five kinds as thefo'ilow- ing:—‘flat’ bones, ‘tooth’ bones, ‘tender’ bones, ANATOMY 17 J^strong’ bones and ‘hollow’ bones. The bones of the kn§e, pelvis, shoulder, malar, palate and the head are flat bones. The teeth are ol ‘tooth’ bones ; the nose, ear, neck and tlie eyesockets are of ‘tender’bones. Those of the hand, foot, sides, back and breast are of ‘strong’ bones. Tl)e rest'of the bones are ‘hollow’.” Susi’uta III. 5. 21. * 11. Artiihology. In Arthrology, that is, in the descrij^tion of the articulations or joints ( Sandhi ), Susruta shows also remarkable aceuraey. “Joints are of two kinds—‘movable’ (diarthi'oses) and im¬ movable {amphiarthroses.). In the four branch¬ es {hands and feet), in the jaw-bones and the loin, the joints are movable and the rest of the joints, the wise should regard as permanent (that is, of partial or incomplete movement). “There are 200 joints in the body. Of them 68 are in the four extremities, 69 in the trunk and 83 above the shoulder (that is, in the neck and the head). (3) vftifk 1 i 'B'SrPT W Susruta III. 5, 21' 18 AXC'IENT HINDU MEDICINE “In every toe there are 3,except the greht to® (corresponding to the thumb) which has two jo¬ ints, thus l<l!(4x ?, + 2 — 14). The knee, ankle and hip has each a joint. So one foot has 17 joints ; the other foot likewise, as well as Loth the arms. “In the pelvis 3 ; in the spinal column 24 ; in the sides (rihs) 21 ; in the breast 8 ; in the {vertebral-cervical) neck 8 ; in the trachea 3 ; in the conjunction joints of the heart and lungs '12>{hrclayaklomanibaddha)-, in the sockets of teeth 32; 1 in the thyroid cartilage {kdkalaka) and one in the nose ; 2 between the eye-sockets and the eye¬ balls {dvau vartmamandala7i netrcisrayau). In the malar, temporal and the ears 6 ; in the jaw bones 2 ; on the top of tlie brows 2 ; in the craniun 6 and 1 in the forehead. “These joints are of eight kinds as:—gynglym- oid {kora —a hinge joint),enarthrodial {udukhala = mortar-like in shape ball-and-socket joint), enarthrodial (sa?mK/^a~ cup-like), costo-vertebral = raft-like), circular {mandala), sutural {tunnaseva)u= and symphysic like) joints. Interphalangeal {gynglymits-&\m^\Q hinge joints, surrounded by a capsule), radio¬ carpal {condyloid-ellyysoidaV), the ankle,-joint (gynglymus), the knee-joint {gynglymtis), the elbow- joint {gynglynins) are all ‘kora’", the shoulder-joint ANATOMY 19 {enarthrodial-bcill-and’sochet-joint'), the hip-joint {enmdj^rodial), teeth-sockets {synarthrodiaUimmov- able ?)^?iV^?i\Yiidukhala ; the sterno clavicular joint {diarthrodial'iv^Qlj movable), sacro-iliac joint (c/i- 7"^A?w/ia/),symphysis pubis (cimphidiarthrodial^ a combined gliding and hinge joint), and lumbo¬ sacral joints {amphidiarthi^odial) are ?L\\{sdmtidga ) ; cervical, dorsal and lumbar vertebral joints {limited ampliidiarthrodial) are 'pratarcY ; the tem¬ poral and the cranium joints {sutural) are tunna- sevani ] trachea, heart, eye and lung-joints are viandala ; the ear and the nose joints {symphysic) are sankhavartta. According to the shape of the joints nomenclature hns been fixed. Only the joints of the bones have been described. The joints of the muscles, nerves and arteries are countless’k Susruta III. 5.