English
^ g ssfira ^ ^ cP5i ft^rvr- PATHOLOGY 16a graphical (malaria localized in marshy places, where anopheles—a genus of mosquitos—an intermediatory of its infection can grow and thrive ), periodical ( epidemics—pneumonia is usually prevalent in the spring, influenza in the winter), according to age ( there are particular diseases of infancy, youth, middle-age and old- age) and individual (idiosyncrasy as susceptibility of certain persons to milk, oysters, strawberries etc, producing eczema, diarrhoea etc.) Charaka V. I. 3. “So the respiration (the respiration rate of the newborn is 44 ; at five years, 26 ; in the adult, 16 to 20 ; in health it is faster standing than lying, during the day than at night, after meals than when fasting, in spring than in autumn, and during exercise, emotional and mental excitement than when at rest; and there is about four pulse beats for one respiration ; rapid respiration is observed in pulmonary lesions, in lobar pneumonia and also in fever, especially in children by the indirect influence of the heated blood on the medulla; slow respiration is observed in coma, collapse and poising with 164 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE opium, chloral, chloroform or antimony ; jerking inspiration is indicative of asthma, hysteria, hydrophobia ; jerking expiration in acute pleurisy and fractured rib ; stertorous respiration (snoring) is observed in apoplectic, uremic, diabetic coma, narcotic poisoning and paralysis of tbe soft palate, aside it is also observed in otherwise healthy individuals, especially children who have adenoids or enlarged tonsils and in grown-ups who are very tired and consequently there is muscular relaxation or are accustomed to mouth breathing, for the snoring sound arises from the vibration from tbe soft palate when breathing from the mouth and the nose at the same time ; stridulous or harsh respiration is due to some obstruction of the air passage through the larynx, caused through tumor, inflammation or any foreign body; wavy or uneven respiration is symptomatic of pneumonia) ; neck ( a long, scrawny neck with projecting larynx is indicative of tuberculous diathesis and is usually correlated with the pthisinoid chest, while a short and thick neck with apoplectic predisposition ; rigidity of the neck, if chronic, may arise from the lesion of the, cervical vertebrae, caused by syphilic necrosis, arthritis or the affectation of the cervical muscles by rheumatism and if acute, through the inflam- PATHOLOGr 16& mations of cervical glands, tumors or boils inter¬ fering with movements of the neck ; nodes upon the clavical bones, resembling the callus, but not caused by trauma, indicate tertiary sypliilic lesion; but tumefaction above the clavicles, occur in amphyseraa and myxedema ; temporary swelling of the thyroid takes place during men¬ struation, or after sexual union, especially in women after first connubial embrace; but a chronic enlargement is generally symptomatic of exopthalmic goitre, but may be also due to adenoma, cancer, tuberculosis or gumma of the gland ; an atrophied and depressed thyroid is observed in myxedema and cretinism ; ten¬ derness of the neck may be caused by the inflammation of the lymphatic glands of the region from any cause as cervico-occipital neuralgia, cervical myalgia or cervical caries), teeth (a baby should have six teeth when one year old, twelve when a year and half old, sixteen when two years old, twenty when two and half years old ; milk teeth ; 2 lower central incisors appear between six to nine months ; 4 upper incisors between eight to twelve months; 2 lower lateral incisors and 4 anterior molars between twelve to fifteen months ; 4 canines between eighteen to twenty-four months ; four 166 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE posterior molars between twenty-four to thirty months; permanent teeth: 6 first molars appear between six and seven years; 8 incisors between eight to nine years ; 8 bicus¬ pids ( premolars ) between 9 to 11 years ; 4 canines between 11 to 14 years; 2 second molars between 12 to 15 years ; 4 third molars between 17 to 25 years ; premature eruption of teetli is indicative of congenital syphilis or tuber¬ cular diathesis while delayed dentition that of rachitis or cretinism ; if the permanent upper central incisors are dwarfed, narrowed, short, peg-like or somewhat rounded, tapering from gum to edge, with a single, shallow and discolor¬ ed notch in the edge, it is a sure sign of conge¬ nital syphilis, especially if it be associated with keratitis and middle-ear disease ; dentated or furrowed teeth originate from malnutrition or an acute illness during infancy, sufidciently severe to interfere with the nutrition ; loosening of the teeth in their sockets is associated with the ulcerated, spongy or bleeding gums and there¬ fore it can be ascribed to mercurial or gangren¬ ous stomatitis, pyorrhea alveolaris, scurvy or phospliorus poisoning ; a collection of sticky, dark-brown paste ( sordes ) upon the teeth, gums and the lips, sometimes stained with bJood PATHOLOGY 167 oozing from the gums, is very often present in typhoid and other low fevers; gritting or grind¬ ing of the teeth among the children is usually associated with gastro-intestinal disorders ; erosion of the teeth takes place in gouty subjects, with loss of polish of the labial surface, followed by •grooves which extend into the gums, causing inflammation, necrosis, formation of calculi ( tartar ), loosening of the teeth and pyorrhea alveolaris ; early, excessive or rapid dental caries may be due to rachitis, but also takes place in pregnancy, diabetes or chronic phosphorus poisoning ; dyspepsia, chronic gastritis, constipa¬ tion, diarrhoea, persistent aural, nasal, opthalmic affections, neiwous irritability, neuralgias or migraines may be easily caused by the carous teeth or pus sockets by the absorption of the toxin and the ingestion of microbes with the mastication of food), liver and the spleen (sides S the liver is the largest gland of the body and lies beneath the diaphragm in the right hypocondrium and the upper part of the epigestrurn, about the size of 3 by 5 inches and weishinsr between two and half to three and half pounds ; enlargement of the liver which can he felt through palpation,occur in chronic malaria, hypertrophic cirrhosis, leucemia, hydatids, fatty 168 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE infiltration, abscess, tnmor, gummata or cancer; progressive lessening ( atrophy ) of the liver takes place in cirrhosis; displacement of the liver upward may he due to pressure from below by large abdominal tumors, meteorism or ascites, and by downward pressure on the diaphragm by emphysema, spasmodie asthma, large right pleural effusion, large intrathoracic tumor, a dilated heart or a pericardial effusion^; abnormal rough, hard and resistant surface is indicative of cirrhosis, carcinoma, amyloid or syphilic lesion : the spleen is of oval, flattened shape and lies in the left hypocondriac region between the stomach and the diaphragm, of almost the same size as the liver ; the rapid enlai’gement of the- spleen takes place in any acute infection, as in typhoid, malaria and other fevers, tuberculosis,, small pox, diphtheria, pneumonia, cerehro-spinal meningitis, puemia or general scepticemia chronic enlargement of the spleen occurs in^ pernicious malaria, in splenic anemia, hepatic cirrhosis ), eyes, hairs, [ iesa = loDg hairs as of the head and the beard; Zowa=small and fine hairs of the other parts of the body : the hair is luxuriant', bright, oily and wavy in hyper¬ secretion of thyroid as in Gi'ave’s, Basedow’s- diseases and the hair is dry, coarse, stiff and PATHOLOGY 169 sparse in hypo-secretion of the thyroid as in myxedema, cretinism ; eaidy gray hair before forty is usually associated with the premature- arterial degeneration ( enclerteritis ) but it is said that the sudden loss of pigmentation of the hair may take place at times under the influence of terrible fright, anxiety or deep emotion ; tendency to premature grayness of the hair may be hereditary; circumscribed grey patches of hair may be due to trophic changes^ brought about by the lesion of the fifth nerve audits branches; undue and rapid loss of hair (alopecia ) is indicative of syphilic lesion, but this must not be confounded with the excessive falling out of hair which takes place during convalescence from acute diseases, as typhoid, malaria, nor with that following an attack of gout or erysipelas, for in syphilis the hair can be easily pulled in large masses without causing pain and the hair does not usually reappear; in anemia, plithisis pulmonalis, myxedema, hydrocephalis, and the severe neuralgias of the fifth nerve, the hair is- usually thinned ; premature loss of hair may be a hereditary family trait], abdomen [by in¬ spection, palpation, percussion and auscultation, abdomen can be utilized of a great diagnostic- 170 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE value : smooth, sliioing and stretched skin (in the abdomen) is observed in abdominal disten¬ sion ; whitish strides or striae are indicative of I previous long-continued distension as in ascites, fat or pregnancy, and in extreme case, the whitish stricks {Uneae albicantes)ra%j\>Qoh%ei'VQA also on the buttocks and the upper portions of the tliigh ; copper-colored, scaly, somewhat circular spots upon the abdomen are indicative of secondary syphilis, as well as the brownish or yellowish macular areas of cloasma, which may be also present; enlarged glands in the groins •signify either venerial infection or bubonic plague and their retracted cicatrices of their past lesions; enlarged superficial abdominal veins, radiating from the umbilicus, appear in portal obstruction, through hepatic