English
English version Food. What offense is committed? Answer: The *Saṃghika-vinaya* says: 'If a nun teaches and receives food from a man with a defiled mind, she must be warned three times. If she does not stop, she commits a *saṃghāvaśeṣa* (an offense requiring a meeting of the *saṃgha*).' Question: When nuns sleep at night, how far apart is too far, such that it constitutes an offense of sleeping alone? Answer: The *Dharmaguptaka-vinaya* says: 'Sleeping far apart at night, such that one's hand cannot reach the other when turning over, constitutes the offense of sleeping alone.' Question: If a *bhikṣu* (monk) goes to a nun's room without informing the *saṃgha* (monastic community) within the boundary, what offense does he commit? Answer: The *Saṃghika-vinaya* says: 'Entering a nun's room without informing the *saṃgha* incurs a *pāyantika* (an offense requiring confession). Not informing the nun incurs a *duṣkṛta* (a minor offense). Preaching to a nun without informing also incurs a *pāyantika*. If he informs the *saṃgha* before entering the boundary and before preaching, and also informs the nun, then none of these offenses are committed.' Question: How should the belongings of a deceased *bhikṣu*, both light and heavy, be distributed and bequeathed? Answer: The *Dharmaguptaka-vinaya* and *Saṃghika-vinaya* are the same, while the *Sarvāstivāda-vinaya* is slightly different. Use discretion. Regarding the distribution and bequeathing of the light and heavy belongings of a deceased *bhikṣu*, the *Dharmaguptaka-vinaya* is clear. Heavy items include gardens, fields, trees, houses, beds, slaves, livestock, all grains and rice, *cīvara* (robes) regardless of size, rugs five cubits long and three cubits wide with wool three fingers long, staffs, fans, dusters, copper cakes, incense burners, all copper, earthenware, stoneware, and bamboo utensils, copper coins, wood, stone dyes. All of these are heavy items and should go to the permanent *saṃgha*. Light items include robes, bowls, sitting mats, needle cases, thread, cotton, silk cloth, *liṃga* (a type of cloth), scales, and razors. All of these are light items and should be distributed among the present *saṃgha*. The *Sarvāstivāda-vinaya* distinguishes: heavy items include incense burners and all copper, iron, pots, cauldrons, earthenware, jars, and bamboo utensils that can hold more than two *dous* (a unit of measurement), while those that hold less than two *dous* are light. Leather bags holding one and a half *dous* and horns holding five *dous* are heavy; anything less is light. Question: If a *bhikṣu* bequeaths items to the Buddha, Dharma, and *Saṃgha* when dying, but does not die and wants them back, is the bequest valid? Answer: The *Dharmaguptaka-vinaya* states: If a sick person bequeaths items to the Three Jewels (Buddha, Dharma, and *Saṃgha*) or others when dying, but does not die and wants them back, the Buddha said it is not valid and should be distributed among the present *saṃgha*. Question: If a sick person, about to die, bequeaths something, saying, 'I definitely give this to this person,' what then? Answer: According to the *Dharmaguptaka-vinaya*, the bequest is valid. The *Saṃghika-vinaya* states: It is not valid in principle. If the item is obtained, then it should be declared pure; this makes it valid. If it is not declared pure, then it is not valid and should be taken back into the *saṃgha*. Question: To whom do the clothes and belongings of a deceased person belong? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
众僧。何须看病人僧中三舍 答。此物虽冥理属僧。看病人则为僧守护此物。所以须舍令僧普知 问曰。亡者生时负人责。当云何 答。应以亡者衣物偿。若亡人物少不足。同羯磨僧应出私物代偿 问曰。云何与看病人物 答曰。应与三衣钵针筒坐具。余者现前应分 问曰。何故羯磨亡者衣物与一人。复还与僧。未解此意 答。有义。此物属四方僧。僧难集不可得分。使一人以为物主。主若与僧现前得分 问曰。比丘命过。后人用轻重等物。设福为如法不 答。非法。若用亡人重物为其福。及已入私已则于十方世界。上至罗汉下至沙弥。于一人边各得重偷兰遮罪。轻物不羯磨回施。及私入己罪同上说 问曰。用亡者轻重等物罪可忏不 答。有可忏不可忏。若断相续后不更作。以私物偿僧得忏。若不尔不得忏 问曰。二人共活。一人命终。财物云何 答。取其所有一切财物今为二分。一分入僧一分还彼 问曰。比丘此处命过。衣物异处。何处僧应分 答。随物可在处僧应分 问曰。出债旧在异处。比丘异处命过。保人及券各在异处。何处僧应分 答。十诵律云。处虽有四保处应分。若无保人券处应分 问曰。比丘异处命过。寄物在异处。钩籥异处。何处僧应分 答。十诵云。三处差别。钩籥处分。若无钩籥物处应分 问 现代汉语译本 众僧：为什么要看护病人的僧人舍弃僧众的三种财物？答：这些财物虽然从道理上属于僧众，但看护病人的僧人负责守护这些财物，所以必须舍弃，让僧众普遍知晓。问：亡者生前欠别人的债，应当怎么办？答：应当用亡者的衣物偿还。如果亡者的财物很少，不足以偿还，羯磨僧应当拿出自己的财物代替偿还。问：如何分配看护病人的财物？答：应当给予三衣（saṃghāṭī，utarasāṃga，antarvāsa）、钵（pātra）、针筒（sūcighara）、坐具（niṣīdana）。其余的财物应当在僧众面前分配。问：为什么羯磨亡者的衣物要给一个人，又还给僧众？不理解这个意思。答：有一种说法是，这些财物属于四方僧众，僧众难以聚集，无法分配，所以让一个人作为物主。物主如果将财物给予僧众，就可以在僧众面前分配。问：比丘（bhikkhu）去世后，后人用轻重等值的物品，设立福报如法吗？答：不如法。如果用亡者的贵重物品为他设福，并且已经私自占有，那么对于十方世界，上至罗汉（arhat）下至沙弥（śrāmaṇera），在每个人那里都犯了重偷兰遮罪（sthūlātyaya）。轻微的物品不经过羯磨回施，以及私自占为己有，罪过与上述相同。问：用亡者的轻重等值物品，罪过可以忏悔吗？答：有可以忏悔的，有不可以忏悔的。如果断绝相续，以后不再犯，用自己的财物偿还僧众，就可以忏悔。如果不是这样，就不能忏悔。问：两个人共同生活，一个人去世，财物怎么办？答：取出他所有的一切财物，分为两份。一份归入僧众，一份还给对方。问：比丘（bhikkhu）在此处去世，衣物在别处，哪里的僧众应当分配？答：随财物所在之处的僧众应当分配。问：出借的债务以前在别处，比丘（bhikkhu）在别处去世，保证人和借据各在别处，哪里的僧众应当分配？答：《十诵律》说，即使有四个地方，也应当在保证人所在之处分配。如果没有保证人，就在借据所在之处分配。问：比丘（bhikkhu）在别处去世，寄放的物品在别处，钥匙在别处，哪里的僧众应当分配？答：《十诵律》说，这三个地方有差别，在钥匙所在之处分配。如果没有钥匙，就在物品所在之处分配。
English
English version Monks, why is it necessary for the monk attending the sick to relinquish the three possessions to the Sangha? Answer: Although these items, in principle, belong to the Sangha, the monk attending the sick is responsible for guarding them. Therefore, they must be relinquished so that the Sangha is universally aware. Question: What should be done if the deceased owed debts to others during their lifetime? Answer: The debts should be repaid with the deceased's belongings. If the deceased's belongings are insufficient, the Karma Sangha should use their own possessions to repay the debts on their behalf. Question: How should the possessions of the one attending the sick be distributed? Answer: The three robes (saṃghāṭī, utarasāṃga, antarvāsa), bowl (pātra), needle case (sūcighara), and sitting cloth (niṣīdana) should be given. The remaining possessions should be distributed in the presence of the Sangha. Question: Why is it that the Karma of the deceased's belongings is given to one person and then returned to the Sangha? I do not understand this meaning. Answer: One explanation is that these belongings belong to the Sangha of the four directions. It is difficult for the Sangha to gather and distribute them, so one person is made the owner of the items. If the owner gives the items to the Sangha, they can be distributed in the presence of the Sangha. Question: Is it in accordance with the Dharma to establish merit for a bhikkhu (bhikkhu) who has passed away by using items of equal value, whether light or heavy? Answer: It is not in accordance with the Dharma. If one uses the deceased's valuable items to establish merit for them and has already privately taken possession of them, then with respect to the ten directions of the world, from arhats (arhat) above to śrāmaṇeras (śrāmaṇera) below, one commits a grave sthūlātyaya offense (sthūlātyaya) with respect to each individual. If minor items are not returned to the Sangha through Karma and are privately taken for oneself, the offense is the same as described above. Question: Can the offense of using the deceased's items of equal value, whether light or heavy, be repented? Answer: There are cases where it can be repented and cases where it cannot. If one severs the continuity and does not commit the offense again, and repays the Sangha with one's own possessions, then one can repent. If not, one cannot repent. Question: If two people live together and one dies, what happens to the property? Answer: Take all of their possessions and divide them into two parts. One part goes to the Sangha, and one part is returned to the other person. Question: If a bhikkhu (bhikkhu) passes away here, but their belongings are elsewhere, which Sangha should distribute them? Answer: The Sangha where the belongings are located should distribute them. Question: If a debt that was previously lent is in another place, and the bhikkhu (bhikkhu) passes away in another place, and the guarantor and the loan document are each in different places, which Sangha should distribute it? Answer: The Daśabhāṇavāra-vinaya says that even if there are four places, the distribution should take place where the guarantor is located. If there is no guarantor, the distribution should take place where the loan document is located. Question: If a bhikkhu (bhikkhu) passes away in one place, and the items they entrusted are in another place, and the key is in another place, which Sangha should distribute them? Answer: The Daśabhāṇavāra-vinaya says that there is a difference between these three places, and the distribution should take place where the key is located. If there is no key, the distribution should take place where the items are located. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
曰。比丘持物寄人。受寄者转寄余人。物主无常。何处应分 答。十诵律云。虽有三处受寄处僧分 问。三宝物得异用不 答。不得。僧祇律明。三宝物不得异用。若佛地中掘得宝藏。应入佛用若在僧地得其宝藏。应入僧用。若修治故塔及新塔不得伏藏。即属塔用治。新故僧伽蓝下得伏藏亦如是。若王有教令国内所有伏藏尽应入义。当随王法。王若言随得处用者。即如王教。今若于佛地僧地中掘得伏藏。上有名字有识认。应还本主。若无认者随当处用 问曰。若故怀塔得物持。余处作塔不 答曰。不得。正得随处修治 问曰。此寺僧物。得彼寺用不 答。不得。若持此寺僧物彼寺僧用。如法治 问曰。和合持常住僧树木堪作梁者。床榻釜镬田地及一切轻重等物。得乞人不 答。不得。假使三天下众僧尽和合。乞人及入私已一切犯偷兰遮罪 问曰。彼寺僧为亡者设福。余寺僧和合持常住僧物劝助。彼襄为以得不 答曰。不得。和以不和皆犯偷兰遮罪 问曰。有住处非时客僧来。旧住僧人情以常住僧食供给所须。此事云何 答。彼此俱得偷兰遮罪。若僧有制盗取与人自食。计钱犯重 问曰。对手悔法云何得使罪灭 答。月半月尽忏悔法。要识罪名罪种。请清净比丘为忏悔主。偏露右肩。脱革屣。故跪合掌。若是上坐应礼足 现代汉语译本： 问：如果比丘将物品寄存在某人处，而受寄者又将物品转寄给其他人，之后物主去世，那么这些物品应该如何分配？ 答：《十诵律》中说，即使有三处受寄的地方，也应该由僧团来分配。 问：三宝（佛、法、僧）的财物可以挪作他用吗？ 答：不可以。《僧祇律》中明确规定，三宝的财物不得挪作他用。如果在佛陀的土地上挖掘到宝藏，应该归佛陀所有；如果在僧团的土地上得到宝藏，应该归僧团所有。如果修缮旧塔或建造新塔时发现伏藏，则归塔所有，用于修缮。在新旧僧伽蓝（寺院）下发现的伏藏也一样。如果国王有教令，国内所有的伏藏都应归国王所有，那么就应当遵循国王的法律。如果国王说可以由发现者自行使用，那就按照国王的教令执行。现在如果在佛陀或僧团的土地上挖掘到伏藏，上面有名字或可以辨认，应该归还给原来的主人。如果没有人认领，就按照发现的地方来使用。 问：如果为了修缮旧塔而得到财物，可以用这些财物在其他地方建造新塔吗？ 答：不可以。只能在原地进行修缮。 问：这个寺院的僧物，可以给那个寺院使用吗？ 答：不可以。如果将这个寺院的僧物给那个寺院使用，就应该依法惩处。 问：对于和合（意见一致）的常住僧团的树木（可以做房梁的）、床榻、锅釜、田地以及一切轻重等物，可以布施给乞丐吗？ 答：不可以。即使三千大千世界的所有僧人都意见一致，将这些财物布施给乞丐或私自占有，都犯偷兰遮罪（一种较重的罪）。 问：某个寺院的僧人为亡者设福，其他寺院的僧人和合，拿出常住僧团的财物来资助，这样做可以吗？ 答：不可以。无论是否和合，都犯偷兰遮罪。 问：有客僧非时来到寺院，旧住的僧人出于情谊，用常住僧团的食物供给他们所需，这件事应该如何处理？ 答：彼此都犯偷兰遮罪。如果僧人制定了规矩，盗取僧团的财物给别人或自己食用，按照所盗取的钱财数额来判罪。 问：通过当面忏悔的方法，如何才能使罪业消灭？ 答：在每月初一和十五进行忏悔。要清楚罪名的种类。请清净的比丘作为忏悔的主持人。袒露右肩，脱掉鞋子，恭敬地跪下合掌。如果是上座比丘，应该礼拜他的双足。