English
English version: What is mindfulness (Smrti)? Mindfulness is the nature of recollection, the nature of non-forgetfulness, the nature of not losing the Dharma (law), the nature of not forgetting the loss of Dharma, making the mind clearly remember. This is called mindfulness. What is Samadhi (concentration)? It refers to the mind dwelling, dwelling equally, appearing to dwell, dwelling closely, not being disturbed, not being scattered, being restrained, being tranquilized, being equally maintained, the nature of the mind being focused on a single object. This is called Samadhi. What is wisdom (Prajna)? It refers to the selection of Dharma, the utmost selection, the extreme selection, knowing the characteristics of Dharma, closely knowing its characteristics, equally knowing its characteristics, being intelligent and understanding, examining and deciding, enlightened and clear wisdom actions, Vipassana (insight meditation). This is called wisdom. What is disbelief (Asraddha)? It refers to not believing, the nature of disbelief, the nature of not showing belief, not approving, not being trustworthy, already not trusting, should not trust, not showing trust, causing the mind to be impure. This is called disbelief. What is laziness (Kausidya)? It refers to the nature of not being diligent, the nature of inferior diligence, the nature of ignorant diligence, hindering diligence, stopping diligence, the mind not being brave, already not being brave, should not be brave. This is called laziness. What is forgetfulness (Mustasmarana)? It refers to the nature of empty mindfulness, the nature of false mindfulness, the nature of forgotten mindfulness, the nature of lost mindfulness, the nature of the mind not clearly remembering. This is called forgetfulness. What is mental distraction (Viksepa)? It refers to the nature of the mind being scattered, the nature of the mind being confused, the nature of the mind having different thoughts, the nature of the mind being bewildered and confused, the nature of the mind not being focused on a single object, not dwelling on a single object. This is called mental distraction. What is ignorance (Avidya)? It refers to ignorance of the three realms (Trailokya). What is incorrect knowledge? It refers to wisdom guided by irrationality. What is irrational attention? It refers to defiled attention. What is wrong understanding? It refers to the mind's understanding and acceptance that corresponds to defiled attention. This is called wrong understanding. What is agitation (Auddhatya)? It refers to the mind not being tranquil, not being extremely tranquil, the nature of not being tranquil, being agitated, equally agitated, the nature of the mind being agitated. This is called agitation. What is negligence (Pramada)? It refers to not firmly doing, not constantly doing, not being close, not approaching, not practicing, not learning in regard to cutting off unwholesome dharmas and guiding the accumulation of wholesome dharmas. This is called negligence. What is anger (Krodha)? It refers to anger, equal anger, universal anger, extreme anger, already angry, about to be angry. This is called anger. What is hatred (Upanaha)? It refers to harboring hatred in the mind, equally and universally harboring hatred, the nature of harboring resentment in the mind. This is called hatred. What is concealment (Mraksha)? It refers to concealing committed sins. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
恼云何？谓心愤恼，坚执尤蛆，心俍戾性，是名恼。嫉云何？谓心不忍他之荣利。悭云何？谓于财法心着不舍。诳云何？谓矫惑他。谄云何？谓心曲。憍云何？谓如有一作如是念：“我具妙色财位技艺净命功德，形貌端严众所乐见。”由此因缘便起憍傲极憍傲、醉闷等醉闷、𥈅眩等𥈅眩，心踞傲性，是名憍。害云何？谓于有情乐为捶挞诸损恼事，是名害。 欲贪云何？谓于诸欲起贪等贪，执藏防护爱乐耽着，是名欲贪。色贪云何？谓于诸色起贪等贪，执藏防护爱乐耽着，是名色贪。无色贪云何？谓于诸无色起贪等贪，执藏防护爱乐耽着，是名无色贪。瞋云何？谓于有情欲为逼害，内怀栽檗，极瞋恚遍瞋恚等瞋恚、瞋极瞋意愤恚、现瞋恚已瞋恚当瞋恚，是名瞋。疑云何？谓于诸谛犹豫。 有身见云何？谓于五取蕴等，随观执我或我所，由此起忍乐慧观见，是名有身见。边执见云何？谓于五取蕴等，随观执或断或常，由此起忍乐慧观见，是名边执见。邪见云何？谓谤因谤果、或谤作用、或坏实事，由此起忍乐慧观见，是名邪见。见取云何？谓于五取蕴等，随观执为最为胜为妙第一，由此起忍乐慧观见，是名见取。戒禁取云何？谓于五取蕴等，随观执为清净为解脱为出离，由此起忍乐慧观见，是名戒禁取。 现代汉语译本 恼是什么？是指内心愤恨恼怒，顽固地坚持错误的想法，心怀恶意，性情乖戾，这就叫做恼（klesha，烦恼）。嫉是什么？是指内心不能容忍他人的荣耀和利益。悭是什么？是指对于财物和佛法，内心执着而不肯施舍。诳是什么？是指虚假地迷惑他人。谄是什么？是指心怀不正。憍是什么？是指如果有人这样想：‘我具备美妙的容貌、财富、地位、技艺、清净的生命、功德，形貌端正庄严，众人喜欢看见。’由于这些原因，便产生憍傲、极度憍傲、醉闷等醉闷、𥈅眩等𥈅眩，内心充满傲慢的习性，这就叫做憍（mada，骄慢）。害是什么？是指对于有情众生，喜欢进行捶打和各种损害恼乱的事情，这就叫做害（vihimsa，损害）。 欲贪是什么？是指对于各种欲望产生贪婪等贪婪，执着收藏，防护守护，喜爱迷恋，耽溺执着，这就叫做欲贪（kama-raga，欲界的贪欲）。色贪是什么？是指对于各种色（rupa，色界）产生贪婪等贪婪，执着收藏，防护守护，喜爱迷恋，耽溺执着，这就叫做色贪（rupa-raga，色界的贪欲）。无色贪是什么？是指对于各种无色（arupa，无色界）产生贪婪等贪婪，执着收藏，防护守护，喜爱迷恋，耽溺执着，这就叫做无色贪（arupa-raga，无色界的贪欲）。瞋是什么？是指对于有情众生想要进行逼迫和伤害，内心怀着怨恨，极度瞋恚、普遍瞋恚等瞋恚，瞋恨、极度瞋恨、意念愤恨，现在瞋恚、已经瞋恚、将要瞋恚，这就叫做瞋（dvesha，嗔恨）。疑是什么？是指对于各种真谛犹豫不决。 有身见是什么？是指对于五取蕴（panca-upadanakkhandha，构成经验的五种聚合：色、受、想、行、识）等，随顺观察而执着为我或者我所（atman or atmaniya，灵魂或属于灵魂的东西），由此产生认可、喜爱、智慧、观察和见解，这就叫做有身见（satkayadrishti，认为五蕴中存在真实自我的错误见解）。边执见是什么？是指对于五取蕴等，随顺观察而执着为断或者常（sasvata or uccheda，永恒或断灭），由此产生认可、喜爱、智慧、观察和见解，这就叫做边执见（antagrahadrishti，执着于断见或常见的极端见解）。邪见是什么？是指诽谤因果、或者诽谤作用、或者破坏真实的事实，由此产生认可、喜爱、智慧、观察和见解，这就叫做邪见（mithyadrishti，否认因果、业力等真理的错误见解）。见取是什么？是指对于五取蕴等，随顺观察而执着为最为殊胜、最为美妙、最为第一，由此产生认可、喜爱、智慧、观察和见解，这就叫做见取（drishtiparamarsa，执着于自己错误见解的见解）。戒禁取是什么？是指对于五取蕴等，随顺观察而执着为清净、为解脱、为出离，由此产生认可、喜爱、智慧、观察和见解，这就叫做戒禁取（silabbataparamarsa，执着于错误的戒律和禁忌，认为它们能带来解脱的见解）。
English
English version What is annoyance (klesha)? It refers to a mind that is resentful and angry, stubbornly clinging to wrong views, with a malicious and perverse nature. This is called annoyance. What is jealousy? It refers to a mind that cannot bear the prosperity and benefit of others. What is stinginess? It refers to a mind that is attached to wealth and Dharma, unwilling to give it away. What is deceit? It refers to falsely misleading others. What is flattery? It refers to a crooked mind. What is pride (mada)? It refers to someone who thinks, 'I possess beautiful appearance, wealth, status, skills, pure life, and merits. My form is upright and dignified, pleasing to see by all.' Due to these reasons, arrogance arises, extreme arrogance, intoxication and bewilderment, and the mind is filled with an arrogant nature. This is called pride. What is harm (vihimsa)? It refers to the delight in beating and causing various harms and disturbances to sentient beings. This is called harm. What is desire-attachment (kama-raga)? It refers to arising greed and so on for various desires, clinging to, hoarding, protecting, loving, delighting in, and being attached to them. This is called desire-attachment. What is form-attachment (rupa-raga)? It refers to arising greed and so on for various forms (rupa), clinging to, hoarding, protecting, loving, delighting in, and being attached to them. This is called form-attachment. What is formless-attachment (arupa-raga)? It refers to arising greed and so on for various formless realms (arupa), clinging to, hoarding, protecting, loving, delighting in, and being attached to them. This is called formless-attachment. What is anger (dvesha)? It refers to wanting to oppress and harm sentient beings, harboring resentment within, extreme anger, pervasive anger, and so on, anger, extreme anger, mental resentment, present anger, past anger, and future anger. This is called anger. What is doubt? It refers to being hesitant about various truths. What is the view of a real self (satkayadrishti)? It refers to, regarding the five aggregates of grasping (panca-upadanakkhandha) and so on, observing and clinging to 'I' or 'mine' (atman or atmaniya). From this arises acceptance, delight, wisdom, observation, and view. This is called the view of a real self. What is the view of holding to extremes (antagrahadrishti)? It refers to, regarding the five aggregates of grasping and so on, observing and clinging to either permanence or annihilation (sasvata or uccheda). From this arises acceptance, delight, wisdom, observation, and view. This is called the view of holding to extremes. What is wrong view (mithyadrishti)? It refers to slandering cause and effect, or slandering action, or destroying real things. From this arises acceptance, delight, wisdom, observation, and view. This is called wrong view. What is view-attachment (drishtiparamarsa)? It refers to, regarding the five aggregates of grasping and so on, observing and clinging to them as the most superior, the most wonderful, the foremost. From this arises acceptance, delight, wisdom, observation, and view. This is called view-attachment. What is adherence to rules and rituals (silabbataparamarsa)? It refers to, regarding the five aggregates of grasping and so on, observing and clinging to them as purity, as liberation, as escape. From this arises acceptance, delight, wisdom, observation, and view. This is called adherence to rules and rituals. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
有对触云何？谓五识相应触。增语触云何？谓意识相应触。明触云何？谓无漏触。无明触云何？谓染污触。非明非无明触云何？谓不染有漏触。 乐根云何？谓触顺乐受，触者所起身心乐平等受受所摄，是名乐根。苦根云何？谓触顺苦受，触者所起身苦不平等受受所摄，是名苦根。喜根云何？谓触顺喜受，触者所起心喜平等受受所摄，是名喜根。忧根云何？谓触顺忧受，触者所起心忧不平等受受所摄，是名忧根。舍根云何？谓触顺不苦不乐受，触者所起身心舍非平等非不平等受受所摄，是名舍根。 寻云何？谓心推觅遍推觅、显示极显示现前显示、寻求遍寻求、算计遍算计、构画遍构画、分别等分别，等分别性，是名寻。伺云何？谓心巡行遍巡行随遍巡行、伺察遍伺察随遍伺察、随转随流随属彼性，是名伺。识云何？谓六识身，所谓眼识乃至意识。无惭云何？谓无惭无所惭无别惭、无羞无所羞无别羞、无敬无所敬无别敬、无自在无所自在无别自在，无所畏惮自在而转，是名无惭。无愧云何？谓无愧无所愧无别愧、无耻无所耻无别耻，于罪不怖性、于罪不畏性，于诸罪中不见怖畏，是名无愧。 眼识云何？谓眼及色为缘所生眼识。此中眼为增上、色为所缘，于眼所识色所有了别、各别了别，是名 现代汉语译本 有对触是什么？是指与五种感官意识相应的触。增语触是什么？是指与意识相应的触。明触是什么？是指无漏的触。无明触是什么？是指染污的触。非明非无明触是什么？是指不染污的有漏触。 乐根是什么？是指触及顺应快乐感受时，触及者所产生的身心快乐、平等感受所包含的感受，这称为乐根。苦根是什么？是指触及顺应痛苦感受时，触及者所产生的身苦、不平等感受所包含的感受，这称为苦根。喜根是什么？是指触及顺应喜悦感受时，触及者所产生的心喜、平等感受所包含的感受，这称为喜根。忧根是什么？是指触及顺应忧愁感受时，触及者所产生的心忧、不平等感受所包含的感受，这称为忧根。舍根是什么？是指触及顺应不苦不乐感受时，触及者所产生的身心舍、非平等非不平等感受所包含的感受，这称为舍根。 寻是什么？是指心推求寻找、普遍推求寻找、显示、极度显示、现前显示、寻求、普遍寻求、算计、普遍算计、构画、普遍构画、分别、等等分别，等等分别的性质，这称为寻。伺是什么？是指心巡逻运行、普遍巡逻运行、随之普遍巡逻运行、伺察、普遍伺察、随之普遍伺察、随之运转、随之流动、随之归属的性质，这称为伺。识是什么？是指六种意识，也就是眼识乃至意识。无惭是什么？是指没有惭愧、没有可惭愧之处、没有特别的惭愧、没有羞耻、没有可羞耻之处、没有特别的羞耻、没有尊敬、没有可尊敬之处、没有特别的尊敬、没有自在、没有可自在之处、没有特别的自在，无所畏惧地自在运转，这称为无惭。无愧是什么？是指没有愧疚、没有可愧疚之处、没有特别的愧疚、没有耻辱、没有可耻辱之处、没有特别的耻辱，对于罪恶没有恐惧的性质、对于罪恶没有畏惧的性质，在各种罪恶中看不到恐惧，这称为无愧。 眼识是什么？是指以眼睛和颜色为条件所产生的眼识。其中眼睛是增上缘，颜色是所缘缘，对于眼睛所认识的颜色，所有了别、各个了别，这称为眼识。