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English version ‘Adorned with a form that is extremely beautiful, surpassing all others.’ He cherishes and clings to praise of beauty, obstructing and hindering other sentient beings, not giving, not bestowing, not rejoicing in giving and bestowing, not abandoning, not relinquishing, not universally abandoning and relinquishing. This is called stinginess regarding praise of beauty (Rūpa-stutir-mātsarya). What is stinginess regarding gain (Lābha-mātsarya)? Answer: If one cherishes and clings to gain, thinking, for example, ‘May I alone obtain worldly gain, and may others not obtain it. May I alone be appointed to receive various gains, and may others not be appointed. May I alone be known to possess great merit and wisdom, giving clothes, food, bedding, medicine, and other resources at any time, with no one in the entire world comparable to me.’ He cherishes and clings to gain, obstructing and hindering other sentient beings, not giving, not bestowing, not rejoicing in giving and bestowing, not abandoning, not relinquishing, not universally abandoning and relinquishing. This is called stinginess regarding gain. What is stinginess regarding the Dharma (Dharma-mātsarya)? Answer: If one cherishes and clings to the teachings, thinking, for example, ‘May I alone be able to proclaim the true Dharma, and may others not be able to. May I alone be able to have others recite it, and may others not be able to. May I alone be able to answer questions and make decisions, and may others not be able to. May I alone be able to hold the Sūtrānta (经藏, collection of sutras), the Vinaya (律藏, collection of monastic rules), and the Abhidharma (论藏, collection of philosophical treatises), and may others not be able to. May I alone be able to distinguish and explain the various treatises created by teachers skilled in reasoning, and be able to create my own, and may others not be able to.’ He cherishes and clings to the teachings, obstructing and hindering other sentient beings, not giving, not bestowing, not rejoicing in giving and bestowing, not abandoning, not relinquishing, not universally abandoning and relinquishing. This is called stinginess regarding the Dharma. The five realms (Pañca-gatayaḥ) are: 1. The hell realm (Naraka-gati); 2. The animal realm (Tiryagyoni-gati); 3. The ghost realm (Preta-gati); 4. The human realm (Manuṣya-gati); 5. The deva realm (Deva-gati). What is the hell realm? Answer: Having the same nature and category as the various hells, the common destiny of beings, etc., based on attainment, the attainment of things, and the attainment of places. If all beings, after being born in hell, possess form, feeling, perception, volition, and consciousness that are uncovered and non-specified, this is called the hell realm. Furthermore, due to superior bodily misconduct, verbal misconduct, and mental misconduct, if one is accustomed to, cultivates, or frequently engages in them, one goes to hell, is born in hell, and is reborn in hell. This is called the hell realm. Furthermore, the hell realm is a name, a title, and an expression of different languages. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
语想等想施设言说，故名地狱趣。云何傍生趣？答：与诸傍生一性一类，众同分等依得事得处得。若诸所有生傍生已，无覆无记色受想行识，是名傍生趣。复次由愚钝身恶行、语恶行、意恶行，往于傍生、生傍生中、结傍生生。是名傍生趣。复次傍生趣者，是名是号异语增语想等想施设言说，故名傍生趣。云何鬼趣？答：与诸鬼众一性一类，众同分等依得事得处得。若诸所有生鬼界已，无覆无记色受想行识，是名鬼趣。复次由悭吝身恶行、语恶行、意恶行，若习若修若多所作，往于鬼界、生鬼界中、结鬼界生，是名鬼趣。复次鬼趣者，是名是号异语增语想等想施设言说，故名鬼趣。云何人趣？答：与诸人众一性一类，众同分等依得事得处得。若诸所有生人中已，无覆无记色受想行识，是名人趣。复次由下品身妙行、语妙行、意妙行，若习若修若多所作，往于人中、生于人中、结人中生，是名人趣。复次人趣者，是名是号异语增语想等想施设言说，故名人趣。云何天趣？答：与诸天众一性一类，众同分等依得事得处得。若诸所有生天上已，无覆无记色受想行识，是名天趣。复次由上品身妙行、语妙行、意妙行，若习若修若多所作，往于天上、生于天上、结天上生，是名天趣。复次天趣者，是名是号异语增语想等想施设言 现代汉语译本 语想等想施设言说，故名地狱趣（Narakagati，地狱道）。 云何傍生趣（Tiryagyoni-gati，畜生道）？答：与诸傍生一性一类，众同分等依得事得处得。若诸所有生傍生已，无覆无记色受想行识，是名傍生趣。 复次由愚钝身恶行、语恶行、意恶行，往于傍生、生傍生中、结傍生生。是名傍生趣。 复次傍生趣者，是名是号异语增语想等想施设言说，故名傍生趣。 云何鬼趣（Pretagati，饿鬼道）？答：与诸鬼众一性一类，众同分等依得事得处得。若诸所有生鬼界已，无覆无记色受想行识，是名鬼趣。 复次由悭吝身恶行、语恶行、意恶行，若习若修若多所作，往于鬼界、生鬼界中、结鬼界生，是名鬼趣。 复次鬼趣者，是名是号异语增语想等想施设言说，故名鬼趣。 云何人趣（Manushyagati，人道）？答：与诸人众一性一类，众同分等依得事得处得。若诸所有生人中已，无覆无记色受想行识，是名人趣。 复次由下品身妙行、语妙行、意妙行，若习若修若多所作，往于人中、生于人中、结人中生，是名人趣。 复次人趣者，是名是号异语增语想等想施设言说，故名人趣。 云何天趣（Devagati，天道）？答：与诸天众一性一类，众同分等依得事得处得。若诸所有生天上已，无覆无记色受想行识，是名天趣。 复次由上品身妙行、语妙行、意妙行，若习若修若多所作，往于天上、生于天上、结天上生，是名天趣。 复次天趣者，是名是号异语增语想等想施设言
English
English version The conceptualization and designation of thought and perception are referred to as the 'Hell Realm' (Narakagati). What is the 'Animal Realm' (Tiryagyoni-gati)? Answer: It is the shared nature and category with all animals, the commonality of beings obtained through dependence on things, places, and conditions. All beings born into the animal realm possess unwholesome and neutral states of form, sensation, perception, volition, and consciousness; this is called the 'Animal Realm'. Furthermore, due to dullness, evil actions of body, speech, and mind, one goes to the animal realm, is born among animals, and is bound to animal birth. This is called the 'Animal Realm'. Furthermore, the 'Animal Realm' is a name, a designation, a different expression, an increased expression, a conceptualization and designation of thought and perception; therefore, it is called the 'Animal Realm'. What is the 'Ghost Realm' (Pretagati)? Answer: It is the shared nature and category with all ghosts, the commonality of beings obtained through dependence on things, places, and conditions. All beings born into the ghost realm possess unwholesome and neutral states of form, sensation, perception, volition, and consciousness; this is called the 'Ghost Realm'. Furthermore, due to stinginess and evil actions of body, speech, and mind, whether practiced, cultivated, or frequently performed, one goes to the ghost realm, is born in the ghost realm, and is bound to ghost birth. This is called the 'Ghost Realm'. Furthermore, the 'Ghost Realm' is a name, a designation, a different expression, an increased expression, a conceptualization and designation of thought and perception; therefore, it is called the 'Ghost Realm'. What is the 'Human Realm' (Manushyagati)? Answer: It is the shared nature and category with all humans, the commonality of beings obtained through dependence on things, places, and conditions. All beings born among humans possess unwholesome and neutral states of form, sensation, perception, volition, and consciousness; this is called the 'Human Realm'. Furthermore, due to inferior virtuous actions of body, speech, and mind, whether practiced, cultivated, or frequently performed, one goes to the human realm, is born among humans, and is bound to human birth. This is called the 'Human Realm'. Furthermore, the 'Human Realm' is a name, a designation, a different expression, an increased expression, a conceptualization and designation of thought and perception; therefore, it is called the 'Human Realm'. What is the 'Heavenly Realm' (Devagati)? Answer: It is the shared nature and category with all gods, the commonality of beings obtained through dependence on things, places, and conditions. All beings born in the heavens possess unwholesome and neutral states of form, sensation, perception, volition, and consciousness; this is called the 'Heavenly Realm'. Furthermore, due to superior virtuous actions of body, speech, and mind, whether practiced, cultivated, or frequently performed, one goes to the heavens, is born in the heavens, and is bound to heavenly birth. This is called the 'Heavenly Realm'. Furthermore, the 'Heavenly Realm' is a name, a designation, a different expression, an increased expression, a conceptualization and designation of thought and perception -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 说，故名天趣。 说一切有部集异门足论卷第十一 大正藏第 26 册 No. 1536 阿毗达磨集异门足论 阿毗达磨集异门足论卷第十二 尊者舍利子说 三藏法师玄奘奉 诏译 五法品第六之二
Chinese
五盖者，一、贪欲盖；二、瞋恚盖；三、惛沉睡眠盖；四、掉举恶作盖；五、疑盖。贪欲盖者，云何贪欲？答：于诸欲境诸贪等贪，执藏防护、坚着爱乐、迷闷耽嗜遍耽嗜、内缚希求耽湎苦集贪类贪生，是名贪欲。云何贪欲盖？答：由此贪欲，障心蔽心、镇心隐心、盖心覆心、缠心裹心，故名贪欲盖。瞋恚盖者，云何瞋恚？答：于诸有情欲为损害，内怀栽𦽆欲为扰恼，已瞋当瞋现瞋，乐为过患极为过患意极愤恚，于诸有情各相违戾欲为过患，已为过患当为过患现为过患，是名瞋恚。云何瞋恚盖？答：由此瞋恚，障心蔽心镇心、隐心盖心覆、心缠心裹心，故名瞋恚盖。惛沉睡眠盖者，云何惛沈？答：所有身重性、心重性、身不调柔性、心不调柔性，身惛沈、心惛沈、𧄼瞢愦闷，是名惛沈。云何睡眠？答：染污心中所有眠梦，不能任持、心昧略性，是名睡眠。云何惛沉睡眠盖？答：由此惛沉睡眠，障心蔽心、镇心隐心、盖心覆心、缠心裹心，故名惛沉睡眠盖。掉举恶作盖者， 现代汉语译本 说，所以叫做天趣（Tiantu）。 《说一切有部集异门足论》卷第十一 大正藏第26册 No. 1536 《阿毗达磨集异门足论》 《阿毗达磨集异门足论》卷第十二 尊者舍利子（Zun zhe Shelizi）说 三藏法师玄奘（San Zang Fa Shi Xuan Zang）奉 诏翻译 五法品第六之二 五盖（Wu Gai）是什么？一、贪欲盖（Tan Yu Gai）；二、瞋恚盖（Chen Hui Gai）；三、惛沉睡眠盖（Hun Chen Shui Mian Gai）；四、掉举恶作盖（Diao Ju E Zuo Gai）；五、疑盖（Yi Gai）。贪欲盖是什么？回答：对于各种欲望的境界，各种贪婪、执着、防护、坚守、爱恋、迷惑、沉溺、普遍沉溺、内在束缚、希求、耽湎、苦集、贪类、贪生，这叫做贪欲（Tan Yu）。什么是贪欲盖？回答：由于这种贪欲，障碍心、蒙蔽心、镇伏心、隐藏心、覆盖心、缠绕心、包裹心，所以叫做贪欲盖。 瞋恚盖是什么？回答：对于各种有情众生想要加以损害，内心怀着怨恨想要加以扰恼，已经瞋恨、将要瞋恨、现在瞋恨，喜欢造成过患、极其喜欢造成过患，内心极其愤恨，对于各种有情众生互相违背想要造成过患，已经造成过患、将要造成过患、现在造成过患，这叫做瞋恚（Chen Hui）。什么是瞋恚盖？回答：由于这种瞋恚，障碍心、蒙蔽心、镇伏心、隐藏心、覆盖心、缠绕心、包裹心，所以叫做瞋恚盖。 惛沉睡眠盖是什么？回答：所有身体沉重、心性沉重、身体不调柔、心性不调柔，身体惛沉、内心惛沉、昏聩瞢懂、愦乱昏闷，这叫做惛沉（Hun Chen）。什么是睡眠（Shui Mian）？回答：染污心中所有的眠梦，不能任持、心识昧略的性质，这叫做睡眠。什么是惛沉睡眠盖？回答：由于这种惛沉睡眠，障碍心、蒙蔽心、镇伏心、隐藏心、覆盖心、缠绕心、包裹心，所以叫做惛沉睡眠盖。 掉举恶作盖是什么？
English
English version It is called 'Tiantu' because of this. Collected Sayings of All Schools of the Sarvastivada-vinaya, Volume 11 Taisho Tripitaka, Volume 26, No. 1536, Abhidharma-samuccaya-pada-sastra Abhidharma-samuccaya-pada-sastra, Volume 12 Spoken by Venerable Sariputra (Zun zhe Shelizi) Translated by Tripitaka Master Xuanzang (San Zang Fa Shi Xuan Zang) under Imperial Decree The Sixth of the Five Dharmas Chapter, Part Two What are the Five Coverings (Wu Gai)? First, the Covering of Greed (Tan Yu Gai); second, the Covering of Hatred (Chen Hui Gai); third, the Covering of Dullness and Sleepiness (Hun Chen Shui Mian Gai); fourth, the Covering of Restlessness and Remorse (Diao Ju E Zuo Gai); fifth, the Covering of Doubt (Yi Gai). What is the Covering of Greed? Answer: Regarding all objects of desire, all forms of greed, such as intense greed, holding on to, protecting, firmly clinging, loving, being deluded, indulging, universally indulging, internal bondage, craving, wallowing, the accumulation of suffering, types of greed, and the arising of greed, this is called Greed (Tan Yu). What is the Covering of Greed? Answer: Because of this greed, it obstructs the mind, obscures the mind, suppresses the mind, conceals the mind, covers the mind, entangles the mind, and wraps the mind, therefore it is called the Covering of Greed. What is the Covering of Hatred? Answer: Regarding all sentient beings, wanting to cause harm, harboring resentment internally, wanting to cause disturbance, already being angry, about to be angry, currently being angry, enjoying causing harm, extremely enjoying causing harm, the mind being extremely resentful, regarding all sentient beings, mutually opposing each other, wanting to cause harm, already having caused harm, about to cause harm, currently causing harm, this is called Hatred (Chen Hui). What is the Covering of Hatred? Answer: Because of this hatred, it obstructs the mind, obscures the mind, suppresses the mind, conceals the mind, covers the mind, entangles the mind, and wraps the mind, therefore it is called the Covering of Hatred. What is the Covering of Dullness and Sleepiness? Answer: All heaviness of body, heaviness of mind, the nature of the body being unpliable, the nature of the mind being unpliable, the body being dull, the mind being dull, being muddled and confused, being disoriented and dazed, this is called Dullness (Hun Chen). What is Sleepiness (Shui Mian)? Answer: All dreams in a defiled mind, being unable to sustain, the nature of the mind being obscured, this is called Sleepiness. What is the Covering of Dullness and Sleepiness? Answer: Because of this dullness and sleepiness, it obstructs the mind, obscures the mind, suppresses the mind, conceals the mind, covers the mind, entangles the mind, and wraps the mind, therefore it is called the Covering of Dullness and Sleepiness. What is the Covering of Restlessness and Remorse? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------