English
English version Having performed the 'white four karmas' (bái sì jié mó), if one repents by the time of the third karma, the sin can still be removed. But once the fourth karma is completed, it can no longer be removed; this is called 'irreversible disclosure'. Such are the four types for monks and seven for nuns, none of whom can be admonished. This is called 'abandoning Vinaya' (shě pí ní). These five are collectively called the 'meaning of Vinaya' (pí ní yì). 'What is called 'offense'? There are two types of offenses: first, a grave offense; second, a minor offense. A grave offense refers to when one desires to commit evil, the fire of afflictions is intense, capable of burning away good intentions and causing them to perish, so that evil deeds are accomplished; this is called the 'meaning of burning'. After accomplishing evil deeds, when one later repents, suffering arises in the heart, and the flourishing of good intentions is capable of extinguishing evil intentions; this is also called the 'meaning of burning'. A minor offense refers to when the arising of afflictive thoughts is weak, and the minor sins committed extinguish minor good intentions, unable to sustain themselves; this is called the 'meaning of scorching'. Later, when one repents, the arising of minor good intentions scorches the small evil intentions; this is also called the 'meaning of scorching'. 'What is called 'offense'? That which can cause sentient beings to transmigrate in the 'three realms of existence' (sān yǒu) is called the 'meaning of offense'. What else is called 'offense'? Doing what is not permitted to be done is called 'offense'. 'What is called 'offense'? Violating the precepts one upholds, the consequences of the offenses committed are not to be craved; therefore, it is called 'offense'. 'What else is called 'offense'? Faults, suffering, and afflictions that touch and press upon oneself are all called the 'meaning of offense'. That which can sever good dharmas is called the 'meaning of offense'. Furthermore, 'offense' refers to all unwholesome deeds done by humans, the 'six desire heavens' (liù yù tiān), the 'four dhyanas' (sì chán), the 'four formless realms' (sì kōng), within the 'three realms' (sān jiè). Furthermore, 'offense' refers to the arising of anger in the present moment; this is called 'offense'. Also, a mind defiled by afflictions is also called 'offense'. Furthermore, 'offense' refers to the growth of afflictions on the path of cultivation; this is called the 'meaning of offense'. Also, the fulfillment of afflictions is also called the 'meaning of offense'. 'What afflictions are called the 'meaning of offense'? Like putting water in a vessel and then lighting a fire, the overflowing fire of afflictions can cause the body and mouth to become unrestrained, committing unwholesome actions; this is called 'offense'. Furthermore, 'offense' refers to whatever should not be done within the 'seven categories of laws' (qī jù fǎ); doing them is called 'offense'. 'Why is it called 'Parajika' (bō luó yí)? 'Parajika' refers to destruction and dispersion; this is called 'Parajika'. Also, 'Parajika' refers to being wounded by the swords and spears of others, severing and extinguishing the root of life; this is called 'Parajika'. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
波罗夷。佛法中波罗夷者，与烦恼共诤，为恶所害，名波罗夷。又复波罗夷者，为三十七住道法所弃、为四沙门果所弃、为戒定慧解脱解脱知见一切善法所弃者，名波罗夷。 “又波罗夷者，于毗尼中正法中、比丘法中断灭不复更生，名波罗夷。世尊说言：‘有涅槃彼岸。’不能度到彼岸故，名波罗夷。波罗夷者，如人为他斫头，更不还活。为恶所灭，不成比丘，名波罗夷。尊者迦叶惟说曰：‘犯最重恶，于比丘法中更无所成，名波罗夷。’又波罗夷者，如人犯罪，施其死罚，更无生路。犯波罗夷永无忏悔之路，于比丘法中更不可修，名波罗夷。如人欲到彼岸，愚痴故中道为他所诳而失彼岸。于佛教中，为烦恼所诳，失涅槃彼岸，是名为堕。 “恶中淫欲最， 不与取为最， 断人命为最， 过人法亦最， 于善中翘勤， 最能方便断。 背舍诸功德， 是名波罗夷， 虽假着法服， 入僧次而坐， 与梵者超隔， 故名波罗夷。 受他施济命， 行非功德器， 能劫国土贼， 是名波罗夷。” “云何名僧残？僧残者。所犯，僧中应忏悔，不应一人边乃至二三人边不得忏悔。众中忏悔，名为僧残。一切比丘所忏悔事，皆应僧中，僧为作，是名僧残。又言僧残者，残有 现代汉语译本 波罗夷（Pārājika）：在佛法中，所谓波罗夷，是指与烦恼相争斗，被罪恶所伤害，因此称为波罗夷。进一步说，波罗夷是指被三十七道品（三十七种修行方法）所抛弃、被四沙门果（须陀洹果、斯陀含果、阿那含果、阿罗汉果）所抛弃、被戒、定、慧、解脱、解脱知见一切善法所抛弃的人，这被称为波罗夷。 ‘此外，波罗夷是指在毗尼（Vinaya，戒律）中、在正法中，比丘（bhikkhu，佛教出家男众）的修行中断灭，无法再次生起，这称为波罗夷。’世尊（释迦牟尼佛）说：‘存在涅槃（Nirvana）的彼岸。’如果无法度到彼岸，就称为波罗夷。波罗夷就像一个人被他人砍头，无法再复活。被罪恶所灭，无法成就比丘的身份，这称为波罗夷。尊者迦叶（Mahākāśyapa）曾经这样说：‘犯下最严重的罪恶，在比丘的修行中再无所成就，这称为波罗夷。’此外，波罗夷就像一个人犯罪，被处以死刑，再无生还的道路。犯下波罗夷罪，永远没有忏悔的道路，在比丘的修行中无法再继续，这称为波罗夷。就像一个人想要到达彼岸，因为愚痴而在中途被他人欺骗而失去了彼岸。在佛教中，被烦恼所欺骗，失去了涅槃的彼岸，这被称为堕落。 ‘罪恶之中，淫欲最为严重，不予而取最为严重，断人生命最为严重，妄称过人功德也最为严重，在善法中精进，最能方便地断除这些罪恶。背离舍弃各种功德，这被称为波罗夷，即使表面上穿着法服，进入僧团的行列而坐，实际上与清净的修行者相隔绝，所以称为波罗夷。接受他人的布施来维持生命，却不是行持功德的法器，甚至成为劫夺国土的盗贼，这被称为波罗夷。’ ‘什么叫做僧残（Saṃghādisesa）？僧残是指所犯的罪过，应当在僧团中忏悔，不能在一个人乃至两三个人的面前忏悔。必须在僧团中忏悔，这称为僧残。一切比丘所要忏悔的事情，都应当在僧团中进行，由僧团来处理，这称为僧残。进一步说，僧残是指还有残余的……’
English
English version Pārājika: In the Buddha-dharma, Pārājika refers to contending with afflictions and being harmed by evil, hence the name Pārājika. Furthermore, Pārājika refers to one who is abandoned by the thirty-seven factors of enlightenment (thirty-seven practices), abandoned by the four fruits of a Śrāmaṇa (Sotāpanna, Sakadāgāmin, Anāgāmin, Arhat), and abandoned by all good dharmas such as morality, concentration, wisdom, liberation, and the knowledge and vision of liberation; this is called Pārājika. ‘Moreover, Pārājika refers to the cessation and non-arising of a bhikkhu's (Buddhist monk) practice within the Vinaya (monastic discipline) and the true Dharma; this is called Pārājika.’ The World-Honored One (Śākyamuni Buddha) said, ‘There exists the other shore of Nirvāṇa (liberation).’ If one cannot cross over to that shore, it is called Pārājika. Pārājika is like a person whose head is cut off by another and cannot be revived. Being destroyed by evil and unable to attain the status of a bhikkhu, this is called Pārājika. Venerable Mahākāśyapa once said, ‘Committing the most severe evil, achieving nothing further in the practice of a bhikkhu, this is called Pārājika.’ Furthermore, Pārājika is like a person who commits a crime and is sentenced to death, with no path to survival. Committing a Pārājika offense means there is no path to repentance, and one cannot continue in the practice of a bhikkhu; this is called Pārājika. It is like a person who wants to reach the other shore but, due to ignorance, is deceived by others along the way and loses that shore. In Buddhism, being deceived by afflictions and losing the other shore of Nirvāṇa is called falling. ‘Among evils, lust is the most severe; taking what is not given is the most severe; taking a human life is the most severe; falsely claiming superior attainments is also the most severe. Diligence in good dharmas is the most expedient way to cut off these evils. Turning away from and abandoning various merits is called Pārājika. Even if one outwardly wears the Dharma robes and sits in the assembly of the Sangha (Buddhist monastic community), one is actually separated from pure practitioners; therefore, it is called Pārājika. Receiving offerings from others to sustain life, yet not being a vessel for practicing merits, even becoming a thief who robs the country, this is called Pārājika.’ ‘What is called Saṃghādisesa? Saṃghādisesa refers to an offense that should be confessed in the Sangha and cannot be confessed before one or even two or three individuals. It must be confessed in the Sangha; this is called Saṃghādisesa. All matters that a bhikkhu needs to confess should be done in the Sangha and handled by the Sangha; this is called Saṃghādisesa. Furthermore, Saṃghādisesa refers to having remnants of...’ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
少在不灭，名为僧残。又复残者，如人为他所斫，残有咽喉，名之为残。如二人共入阵斗，一为他所害命绝，二为他所害少在不断。不断者若得好医良药可得除差，若无者不可差也。犯僧残者亦复如是，有少可忏悔之理。若得清净大众为如法说忏悔除罪之法，此罪可除。若无清净大众，不可除灭。是名僧残。除灭罪法，教令别住，行六日行摩那埵行阿浮呵那。行阿浮呵那得清净竟，于所犯处得解脱。得解脱起已更不复犯，是名僧残。 “云何名为波逸提？波逸提者，所犯罪微，故名波逸提。又复波逸提者，非断灭善根罪，枝条罪名波逸提。又复波逸提者，如被斫者少伤其皮，不至损命。波逸提罪亦复如是，此罪伤善处少，名波逸提。 “云何名为波罗提提舍尼？波罗提提舍尼者，犯即忏悔，数犯数悔，故名波罗提提舍尼。又复名波罗提提舍尼者，忘误作、非故心作，故名波罗提提舍尼。 “云何名为偷兰遮？偷兰遮者，于粗恶罪边生故，名偷兰遮。又复偷兰遮者，欲起大事不成，名为偷兰遮。又复偷兰遮者，于突吉罗恶语重故，名为偷兰。一食人肉偷兰；二畜人皮偷兰；三剃阴上毛腋下毛偷兰；四用药灌大便道偷兰；五畜人发钦畔罗偷兰；六裸形行偷兰；七畜石钵偷兰；八瞋恚破衣偷兰；九瞋恚破 现代汉语译本： ‘少在不灭’，这被称为僧残（Sanghavasesa，一种戒律）。还有一种‘残’，比如一个人被他人砍伤，咽喉处受伤，这被称为‘残’。又如两人一同入阵战斗，一人被他人杀害而丧命，另一人被他人所伤但性命尚存。这性命尚存的人如果能得到好的医生和良药，或许可以痊愈，如果没有，就无法痊愈。犯僧残戒的人也是如此，还有少量可以忏悔的余地。如果能得到清净的大众如法地宣说忏悔除罪之法，此罪可以消除。如果没有清净的大众，就无法消除。这被称为僧残。消除罪过的方法是，教令其别住，进行六日行摩那埵（Manatta，一种忏悔仪式），行阿浮呵那（Abbhana，一种恢复仪式）。行阿浮呵那得到清净之后，对于所犯之处就能得到解脱。得到解脱之后不再重犯，这被称为僧残。 ‘什么叫做波逸提（Pacittiya，一种戒律）？’波逸提的意思是，所犯的罪过轻微，所以叫做波逸提。还有，波逸提不是断灭善根的罪，而是枝条上的罪，叫做波逸提。还有，波逸提就像被砍伤的人只是轻微地伤到了皮肤，没有伤到性命。波逸提罪也是如此，这种罪只是轻微地伤害了善，所以叫做波逸提。 ‘什么叫做波罗提提舍尼（Patidesaniya，一种戒律）？’波罗提提舍尼的意思是，犯了就忏悔，多次犯就多次忏悔，所以叫做波罗提提舍尼。还有，叫做波罗提提舍尼是因为是忘记或错误地做的，不是故意做的，所以叫做波罗提提舍尼。 ‘什么叫做偷兰遮（Thullaccaya，一种戒律）？’偷兰遮的意思是，在粗恶的罪过边缘产生，所以叫做偷兰遮。还有，偷兰遮是指想要发起大事却没有成功，叫做偷兰遮。还有，偷兰遮是指突吉罗（Dukkata，一种轻罪）的恶语很严重，所以叫做偷兰。一、吃人肉是偷兰；二、藏匿人皮是偷兰；三、剃除阴部和腋下的毛发是偷兰；四、用药物灌入大便道是偷兰；五、藏匿人的头发钦畔罗（Kimsuka，一种装饰品）是偷兰；六、裸体行走是偷兰；七、藏匿石钵是偷兰；八、嗔怒地撕破衣服是偷兰；九、嗔怒地撕破
English
English version: 'Remaining with a little left unextinguished' is called Sanghavasesa (a type of monastic offense). Furthermore, 'remaining' is like a person being struck by another, with the throat injured, which is called 'remaining'. Or, like two people entering battle together, one is killed by another and loses their life, while the second is injured by another but their life remains. If this person whose life remains can obtain good doctors and medicine, they may recover; if not, they cannot recover. One who commits a Sanghavasesa offense is also like this, with a small amount of room for repentance. If a pure Sangha (community) can righteously proclaim the Dharma of repentance and expiation of sins, this sin can be removed. If there is no pure Sangha, it cannot be removed. This is called Sanghavasesa. The method for expiating the sin is to instruct them to live separately, to perform the six-day Manatta (a period of penance), and to perform Abbhana (a reinstatement ceremony). Having attained purity by performing Abbhana, they are liberated from the offense they committed. Having been liberated and not repeating the offense, this is called Sanghavasesa. 'What is called Pacittiya (a type of monastic offense)?' Pacittiya means that the offense committed is minor, therefore it is called Pacittiya. Furthermore, Pacittiya is not a sin that destroys the roots of goodness, but a sin of the branches, called Pacittiya. Furthermore, Pacittiya is like a person who is struck and only slightly injures their skin, not to the point of losing their life. The Pacittiya offense is also like this; this sin only slightly harms goodness, so it is called Pacittiya. 'What is called Patidesaniya (a type of monastic offense)?' Patidesaniya means that one confesses immediately upon committing the offense, and confesses repeatedly upon repeated offenses, therefore it is called Patidesaniya. Furthermore, it is called Patidesaniya because it is done forgetfully or mistakenly, not intentionally, therefore it is called Patidesaniya. 'What is called Thullaccaya (a type of monastic offense)?' Thullaccaya means that it arises on the edge of a gross and evil offense, therefore it is called Thullaccaya. Furthermore, Thullaccaya refers to wanting to initiate a major event but failing, which is called Thullaccaya. Furthermore, Thullaccaya refers to the heavy weight of evil speech of a Dukkata (a minor offense), therefore it is called Thulla. 1. Eating human flesh is Thullaccaya; 2. Hiding human skin is Thullaccaya; 3. Shaving the pubic and armpit hair is Thullaccaya; 4. Using medicine to irrigate the anus is Thullaccaya; 5. Hiding human hair Kimsuka (an ornament) is Thullaccaya; 6. Walking naked is Thullaccaya; 7. Hiding a stone bowl is Thullaccaya; 8. Tearing clothes in anger is Thullaccaya; 9. Tearing in anger --------------------------------------------------------------------------------