English
English version: Ignorance of what is unlawful, even ignorance of whether to repent or not, these twenty-two situations, if they occur during the process of receiving full ordination (receiving the vows of a Bhiksu or Bhiksuni), are all called offenses. If you want to be completely sure which situations do not constitute offenses, you should consult the Vinaya (the monastic code) in detail. If someone can fulfill these twenty-two conditions of non-offense, then they can give full ordination to others, and this is considered not committing an offense. 'There are cases where a Bhiksu (male monastic) commits an offense but not a Bhiksuni (female monastic), and there are cases where a Bhiksuni commits an offense but not a Bhiksu. There are cases where both Bhiksus and Bhiksunis commit an offense but not a Siksamana (probationary nun), and there are cases where both Bhiksus and Bhiksunis commit an offense but not a Sramanera (novice monk) or Sramanerika (novice nun). Or there are cases where the five monastic groups (Bhiksu, Bhiksuni, Siksamana, Sramanera, Sramanerika) commit an offense but not an Upasaka (male lay follower) or Upasika (female lay follower). And there are cases where all seven groups (Bhiksu, Bhiksuni, Siksamana, Sramanera, Sramanerika, Upasaka, Upasika) commit an offense. What is called a Bhiksu committing an offense but not a Bhiksuni? For example, the practices that should be followed in an Aranya (secluded place) dwelling, which a Bhiksuni does not practice, but a Bhiksu practices improperly, this is a Bhiksu committing an offense but not a Bhiksuni. Once there was a Bhiksu living in an Aranya, who was lazy and did not store water in a pot, nor did he have food. Later, thieves came and asked him for water and food, but he had none to give, so the thieves became angry and beat the Bhiksu. The Tathagata (Buddha) knew about this and then established a precept: those who live in an Aranya should all store water in a pot, and leave some leftover food, whether little or much, so that if thieves come asking, they can give it to them. Such things are practices for Bhiksus, not for Bhiksunis.' 'What is called a Bhiksuni committing an offense but not a Bhiksu? If a Bhiksuni crosses water alone, enters a village alone, stays alone away from the community, or walks alone on a road, or has a man shave her head alone, or walks alone where Bhiksus walk, or sits in the lotus position, such offenses are Bhiksuni offenses but not Bhiksu offenses.' 'What is called a Bhiksu and Bhiksuni committing an offense but not a Siksamana? If a Bhiksu and Bhiksuni eat without having received food, the Bhiksu and Bhiksuni commit an offense, but not the Siksamana.' 'What is called the three groups (Bhiksu, Bhiksuni, Siksamana) committing an offense but not the Sramanera and Sramanerika? If they violate precepts other than those held by Sramaneras and Sramanerikas, it is the three groups committing an offense, not the Sramaneras and Sramanerikas.' 'What is called the five groups (Bhiksu, Bhiksuni, Siksamana, Sramanera, Sramanerika) committing an offense but not the Upasaka and Upasika? If they violate precepts other than the five precepts (not killing, not stealing, not committing sexual misconduct, not lying, not taking intoxicants), it is the five groups committing an offense, not the two groups (Upasaka and Upasika).' 'What is called all seven groups (Bhiksu, Bhiksuni, Siksamana, Sramanera, Sramanerika, Upasaka, Upasika) committing an offense?' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
？七众皆持五戒，七众若犯此五戒，皆同犯也。 “有犯冬有非春夏有，有犯春有非夏冬有，有犯夏有非冬春有。何者冬有非春夏有？冬四月已满，应舍功德衣。若不舍过一日，犯突吉罗。此犯冬有非春夏也。何者春犯非夏冬有？春一月残，应乞雨浴衣。若过一月乞、若乞过长得，得已不十五日用，此三事皆犯尼萨耆波逸提。何者夏有非冬春有？比丘法应夏安居。安居有二种：前、后。若不安居，复不自恣，此犯夏有非冬春有。是故此三所犯，各当时而有，是名犯不犯。 “何者轻？犯波罗提提舍尼，此罪轻，或向一人说、若自心念，皆能灭也。自种性者，若比丘畜人皮革屣、食人肉，若畜食者，偷兰遮。种性者，肉及皮即是人身，故言种性。突吉罗者，不摄身威仪得突吉罗。恶口者，说言汝是工师技儿诸根不具，如此说者得波逸提，是名恶口轻犯也。 “重者，波罗夷、僧伽婆尸沙。此二边所得偷兰遮，重也。或有所犯，于比丘重比丘尼轻。或有所犯，于比丘尼重比丘轻。比丘重者，故出精，比丘得僧伽婆尸沙，比丘尼得波逸提。比丘尼重者，比丘尼淫欲心盛，手摩男子屏处；男子亦摩比丘尼屏处；俱着触乐；比丘尼犯波罗夷。若比丘尼知比丘尼犯重；覆藏不向一比丘尼说；亦得波罗夷。若比丘 现代汉语译本： 问：七众（指出家男女二众、在家男女二众、式叉摩那、沙弥、沙弥尼七种僧众）都应持守五戒（不杀生、不偷盗、不邪淫、不妄语、不饮酒），如果七众之中任何一众违犯这五戒，都同样是犯戒。 问：有些戒律的违犯只在冬季发生，不在春夏季节发生；有些戒律的违犯只在春季发生，不在夏冬季节发生；有些戒律的违犯只在夏季发生，不在冬春季节发生。哪些是只在冬季发生，不在春夏季节发生的违犯呢？冬季四个月已满，应该舍弃功德衣（指为了积攒功德而穿的衣服）。如果不舍弃，超过一天，就犯突吉罗（Dukkata，一种轻罪）。这种违犯只在冬季发生，不在春夏季节发生。哪些是只在春季发生，不在夏冬季节发生的违犯呢？春季还剩一个月时，应该乞求雨浴衣（指在雨季沐浴时穿的衣服）。如果超过一个月才乞求，或者乞求的雨浴衣尺寸过长，得到雨浴衣后不在十五天内使用，这三种情况都犯尼萨耆波逸提（Nissaggiya Pacittiya，舍堕罪）。哪些是只在夏季发生，不在冬春季节发生的违犯呢？比丘（Bhikkhu，男性出家人）按照规定应该进行夏季安居（Vassa，雨季的闭关修行）。安居有两种：前安居和后安居。如果不进行安居，又不进行自恣（Pavarana，安居结束时的自我检讨仪式），这种违犯只在夏季发生，不在冬春季节发生。因此，这三种违犯，各自在相应的季节发生，这就是所谓的犯与不犯。 问：哪些罪行是轻的呢？犯波罗提提舍尼（Patidesaniya，向人忏悔罪），这种罪行较轻，或者向一个人忏悔，或者在心中忏悔，都可以消除。如果是自种性者（指天生就是某种身份的人），如果比丘（Bhikkhu，男性出家人）持有人的皮革鞋子、吃人肉，如果持有或食用这些东西，就犯偷兰遮（Thullaccaya，粗罪）。所谓种性，肉和皮就是人身的一部分，所以说是种性。突吉罗（Dukkata，一种轻罪）是指，没有约束好自己的身威仪而犯的罪。恶口是指，说别人是工匠、艺人或者诸根不全的人，这样说了就犯波逸提（Pacittiya，单堕罪），这就是所谓的恶口轻犯。 问：哪些罪行是重的呢？波罗夷（Parajika，断头罪）和僧伽婆尸沙（Sanghadisesa，僧残罪）。这两种罪行以及由此导致的偷兰遮（Thullaccaya，粗罪），都是重罪。有些罪行，对比丘（Bhikkhu，男性出家人）来说是重罪，对比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）来说是轻罪。有些罪行，对比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）来说是重罪，对比丘（Bhikkhu，男性出家人）来说是轻罪。对比丘（Bhikkhu，男性出家人）来说是重罪的情况是，故意遗精，比丘（Bhikkhu，男性出家人）犯僧伽婆尸沙（Sanghadisesa，僧残罪），比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）犯波逸提（Pacittiya，单堕罪）。对比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）来说是重罪的情况是，比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）淫欲心强烈，用手触摸男子的生殖器，或者触摸其他比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）的生殖器，双方都沉溺于性爱的快乐中，比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）犯波罗夷（Parajika，断头罪）。如果比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）知道其他比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）犯了重罪，隐瞒不向其他比丘尼（Bhikkhuni，女性出家人）说，也犯波罗夷（Parajika，断头罪）。如果是比丘（Bhikkhu，男性出家人）。
English
English version: Q: All seven assemblies (referring to the two assemblies of ordained men and women, the two assemblies of laymen and women, the Siksamana, the Sramanera, and the Sramaneri) should uphold the five precepts (not killing, not stealing, not engaging in sexual misconduct, not lying, and not consuming intoxicants). If any of the seven assemblies violates these five precepts, they are all equally guilty of violating the precepts. Q: Some violations only occur in winter and not in spring or summer; some violations only occur in spring and not in summer or winter; some violations only occur in summer and not in winter or spring. What are the violations that only occur in winter and not in spring or summer? After the four months of winter have passed, one should discard the merit-clothing (clothing worn to accumulate merit). If one does not discard it and exceeds one day, one commits a Dukkata (a minor offense). This violation only occurs in winter and not in spring or summer. What are the violations that only occur in spring and not in summer or winter? When one month of spring remains, one should request rain-bathing clothes (clothing worn during rain bathing). If one requests them after more than a month, or if the requested rain-bathing clothes are too long, and if after obtaining them, one does not use them within fifteen days, all three of these situations constitute a Nissaggiya Pacittiya (an offense requiring forfeiture and confession). What are the violations that only occur in summer and not in winter or spring? A Bhikkhu (male monastic) should observe the summer retreat (Vassa, a period of seclusion during the rainy season) according to the Dharma. There are two types of retreat: the early retreat and the late retreat. If one does not observe the retreat and does not perform the Pavarana (the self-criticism ceremony at the end of the retreat), this violation only occurs in summer and not in winter or spring. Therefore, these three violations each occur in their respective seasons, and this is what is meant by 'violation and non-violation'. Q: Which offenses are light? Committing a Patidesaniya (an offense requiring confession to another), this offense is light, and can be eliminated either by confessing to one person or by confessing in one's mind. If one is of a certain nature (referring to someone born into a particular status), if a Bhikkhu (male monastic) possesses shoes made of human leather or eats human flesh, if one possesses or consumes these things, one commits a Thullaccaya (a grave offense). The term 'nature' refers to the fact that flesh and skin are part of the human body, hence the term 'nature'. Dukkata (a minor offense) refers to an offense committed by not restraining one's bodily deportment. 'Harsh speech' refers to saying that someone is a craftsman, an entertainer, or has incomplete faculties; saying such things constitutes a Pacittiya (an offense requiring confession), and this is what is meant by 'light offense of harsh speech'. Q: Which offenses are heavy? Parajika (defeat) and Sanghadisesa (formal meeting of the Sangha). These two offenses, as well as the Thullaccaya (a grave offense) resulting from them, are heavy offenses. Some offenses are heavy for a Bhikkhu (male monastic) but light for a Bhikkhuni (female monastic). Some offenses are heavy for a Bhikkhuni (female monastic) but light for a Bhikkhu (male monastic). An example of an offense that is heavy for a Bhikkhu (male monastic) is intentionally emitting semen; the Bhikkhu (male monastic) commits a Sanghadisesa (formal meeting of the Sangha), while the Bhikkhuni (female monastic) commits a Pacittiya (an offense requiring confession). An example of an offense that is heavy for a Bhikkhuni (female monastic) is when a Bhikkhuni (female monastic) has strong lustful desires and touches a man's genitals with her hand, or touches another Bhikkhuni's (female monastic) genitals; if both are attached to the pleasure of touch, the Bhikkhuni (female monastic) commits a Parajika (defeat). If a Bhikkhuni (female monastic) knows that another Bhikkhuni (female monastic) has committed a serious offense and conceals it without telling another Bhikkhuni (female monastic), she also commits a Parajika (defeat). If a Bhikkhu (male monastic). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
不随顺僧法；僧与呵责羯磨。又比丘尼言：‘此比丘随顺僧法。’种种言说与比丘同心。诸比丘尼谏言：‘不须往反言语相助。’不受尼谏，往返言语相助不绝。尼僧与作白四羯磨。此尼得波罗夷。比丘尼复有八事犯波罗夷：一者尼与男子互相捉手；二者便更互捉衣；三者共男子静屏处并坐；四者屏处共语；五者屏处身相触；六者尼共男子独道行；七者道中露身相触；八者至共期行不净处。若尼具前七事时犯偷兰遮，满八事犯波罗夷。此是比丘尼重比丘轻。 “或有犯重报轻，或有犯轻报重，或有犯重报亦重，或有犯轻报亦轻。有犯重报轻者，有比丘作使和合男女，若和合者得僧残，不和合得偷兰遮。若比丘私作房，不白众僧乞羯磨，未成犯偷兰遮，成已犯僧残。是名犯重报轻。犯轻报重者，若比丘瞋恚心打阿罗汉，或复欲心摩触阿罗汉起于染着，乃至打佛于佛上起染欲心，或有恶口骂阿罗汉及佛，毁呰形残诸根不具，此得波逸提，是名犯轻报重。犯重报重者，波罗夷及二无根谤圣及凡，得僧残罪。二无根者：一比丘瞋心遣妹尼弥勒，往谤阿罗汉陀𩦾摩罗子，语言：‘大德共我行欲。’此谤他比丘。随路行，见二羊共行欲，心中生念：‘前谤既虚，今以母羊为弥勒尼、翁羊为陀𩦾摩罗子。’生此念已，来到寺中 现代汉语译本：不遵循僧团的规矩；僧团因此对她进行呵责羯磨（僧团的宗教仪式）。又有比丘尼说：‘这位比丘遵循僧团的规矩。’用各种言语与比丘同心。其他比丘尼劝谏说：‘不需要一来一回地用言语互相帮助。’但她不听从比丘尼的劝谏，一来一回地用言语互相帮助个没完。尼僧团因此对她进行了白四羯磨（一种羯磨仪式）。这位比丘尼因此犯了波罗夷（断头罪）。比丘尼还有八件事会犯波罗夷：一是尼姑与男子互相拉手；二是便互相拉扯衣服；三是与男子在安静隐蔽的地方并排坐着；四是在隐蔽的地方一起说话；五是在隐蔽的地方身体互相接触；六是尼姑与男子单独在路上行走；七是在路上裸露身体互相接触；八是去共同约定的进行不净行为的地方。如果尼姑具备了前面七件事，就犯了偷兰遮（仅次于波罗夷的重罪），具备了全部八件事就犯了波罗夷。这些是比丘尼的重罪，对比丘来说是轻罪。 ‘或者有犯重罪却得到轻报应的，或者有犯轻罪却得到重报应的，或者有犯重罪得到重报应的，或者有犯轻罪也得到轻报应的。’有犯重罪却得到轻报应的，例如有比丘做媒，撮合男女，如果撮合成功，就犯了僧残（仅次于波罗夷的重罪），如果没撮合成功，就犯了偷兰遮。如果比丘私自建造房屋，不禀告僧众请求羯磨，未建成时犯偷兰遮，建成后犯僧残。这叫做犯重罪却得到轻报应。犯轻罪却得到重报应的，如果比丘用嗔恨心殴打阿罗汉（已证果的圣人），或者用淫欲心摩挲触摸阿罗汉，生起染着，乃至殴打佛，对佛生起染欲心，或者恶语辱骂阿罗汉及佛，诋毁残疾或诸根不全的人，这会得到波逸提（一种轻罪），这叫做犯轻罪却得到重报应。犯重罪得到重报应的，就是犯了波罗夷以及两种无根诽谤圣人及凡夫，会得到僧残罪。两种无根诽谤是：一个比丘用嗔恨心派遣他的妹妹尼弥勒（比丘尼的名字），去诽谤阿罗汉陀𩦾摩罗子（阿罗汉的名字），说：‘大德与我行淫。’这是诽谤其他比丘。他沿着路走，看见两只羊在交配，心中生起念头：‘之前的诽谤既然是虚假的，现在就用母羊作为弥勒尼，公羊作为陀𩦾摩罗子。’生起这个念头后，来到了寺庙中。