English
Translated by I-tsing while in the Nélanda College (Nanjio), about a.v. 675-685. Sent home A. D. 692 (p. 166). II. (I-tsing’s Introductory Chapter, p. 14.) The following names are to be taken each as independent, not one after another. a, (I-tsing’s Introductory Chapter, p. 14.) a, Asoka, 100 or more years after the Buddha’s Nirvana. (This mistake arises either from confounding Dharmésoka with Kélasoka or from taking the period (118) between the Second Council and Asoka as that between the Nirvina and Asoka.) 8. (Chap. xxxii, pp. 163-166.) 6, Asvaghosha. 1, His poetical songs. 2, Sitrilankarasdstra (translated into Chinese A.D. 405, Nanjio’s Catal, No. 1182), 3- Buddhataritakavya (translated a. D. 414-421, Nanjio’s Catal., No. 1351). 4. His Life was translated by Kuméragtva a,b. 401-409, Wanjio's Catal., No. 1460. Nagarguna, “His Suhyllekha. 1, Addressed to a king of S. India (Kosala), Satavahana (or Sadvahana), whose private name was Getaka, 2. Translated into Chinese A.D. 431 and 434 (Nanjto's Catal., Nos, 1464 and 1440), and by L-tsing, while abroad. Sent home a. D. 692 (p. 166). 3. Hts Life was translated by Kuméragtva aD. 401-409, Vanjio's Catal., No. 1461. d. Siladitya. 1, GAtakaméala, by literary men living under him. (Arya Séra’s may be one of them.) 2. Gimitavahana-nataka (= Nagananda), composed and popularised by himself, 3. Patron of Hiuen Thsang (A.D. 629-645). Death of Sildditya in about 655 A.D. (my note, p. 163, and Chavannes, Memoirs, p. 19, note). * y. (Chap. xxvii, pp. 127-128; cf. p. 131, note; pp. 222-223.) e. An epitomiser of the Eight Books of Medicine (Ayur-veda), at about Ltsing’s-time. | III. (Chap. xxiv, pp. 170-180.) Grammatical Works. . The Si-t'an-chang (or Siddha-composition), for beginners. . The Sitra of Pazini. - The Book on Dhatu (@ Didtupétha). ~ oo TABLES OF LITERARY MEN. Wii 5. The Vritti-stitra (KAsika-vritti). By Gayaditya, died nearly thirty years before the date of I-tsing’s Record (A.D. 691— 692) =A. D. 661-662. Contemporary of Vimana, who was joint author of the Kasika. . The Kitr#i (Aahdébhdshya), (Commentary on the above Vritti, sic /] By Pataagali. 7. The Bhartrzhari-sdstra, Commentary on the ADrni. By Bhartrzhari, died forty years before the date of I-tsing’s Record =a. . 651-652. Contemporary of Dharmapala. 8. The Vakya-discourse (Vékyapadtya). By Bhartrébari. 9. The Pei-na (a Beda-vritti). ‘The Commentary in prose by Bhartrthari, The Sloka portion by Dharmapala, The latter was teacher of Stlabhadra, who was too old to teach Hiuen Thsang (about A.D, 635), and appointed Gayasena to instruct him. The translations of four works attributed to Dharmapéla all date A. D.6530-710, sce Nanjto's Catal., Appendix i, 16. an contemporaries, The Result. a, The above makes all the four authors contemporaries, who must all have lived about A.D. 600- 660 :—(1) Gaydditya, (2) Vadmana, (3) Bhartrihari, (4) Dharmapdla. 6, Dharmapala, head of the Nélanda College, must have died earlier than Gayédditya and Bhartrihari, because he does not seem to have been alive when Hiuen Thsang went to Nélanda, A.D. 635, Stlabhadra having succeeded Dharmapala. N.B.—As to a discussion about all these grammatical works, I should refer my readers to Prof, Max Miiller’s ‘ India, what can it teach us?’ pp. 338-349, and the corresponding pages in the German translation by Prof. Cappeller (above, p. xviii, note 3). IV. (Chap. xxxiv, pp. 181-184.) Famous Buddhist N&gas of India and Sribhoga. a. Of an early age (before A.D. 400) 1. 1. Nagarguna. a. Deva, 4: rya Deva or Kéna Deva. 3. Asvaghosha. . These three ave generally made to be contemporaries of Kanishka, who is said to have lived in the first century. Ido not mean by putting down these limits that every individual under a, 4, c, d lived at these dates, but I wish to show the fair limits we can put from the present state of our know- ledge to the terms, ‘ early age,’ ‘ middle aves.’ and ‘ late years.” Wiii GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 6. In the middle ages (about A.D. 450-550) }. 1. Vasubandhu, 2. Asaiga, | Brothers. 3- Safghabhadra. 4- Bhavaviveka. Contemporary of Dharmapila (Hiuen Thsang, Mémoires, x, 111-113). } Contemporaries (Hiuen Thsang, Mémotres, iv, 223). ¢, Of late years (about a.p, 550-670). 1. Gina (in Logic). Composed a work on Logic in Andhra (Hiuen Thsang, Mémoires, x, 106). (He seems to have lived earlier than 550 ; cf. 1, 4 above.) 2. Dharmapfla. Contemporary of Bhartrzhari, who died A.D. 651-652. Must have died before a.d. 6353 sce above, III. 3- Dharmakirti (in Logic). Referred to in the Vésavadattd ( fp: 235), and in the Sarva- darsana-sangraha (p. 24, Cowell). Contemporary of King Sron-tsan-gam-po (A.D. 629-698), Wassilief, p. 54. 4. Silabhadra, Pupil of Dharmapdla (Hiuen Thsang, Mémoires, viii, 452). 5. Simhakandra. 4 fellow-student of Hiuen Thsang (Vie, v, 219, 261; 218), Life, v, 190. 6. Sthiramati. Referred to in a Valabht grant (Ind. Ant., 1877, p. 91 ; 1878, p. 80), and Hiuen Thsang, Mémoires, xi, 164, in Valabht. Pupil of Vasubandhu (Wasstlicf, p. 78). F . Guamati (in Dhy4na), J Valabhi together with Sthiramati (Mémoires, xi, 164), and in Nélanda (Mémoires, ix, 46). : " . Pragagupta (in refutation). Teacher of the Sammittya and contemporary of Hiuen Thsang (Hiuen Thsang, Vie, iv, 220; Life, iv, 159). 9. Guwaprabha (in Vinaya). His pupil, Mitrasena, was ninety years old, and taught Hiuen Thsang Sdstras (Vie, ii, 109; Life, ii, 81). Guru of Srtharsha, and pupil of Vasubandhu (Wassilief, p. 78). to. Ginaprabha. Teacher of Hiuen Chao, who was in NAlanda about A.D. 649, Chavannes, * Memoirs, p. 17. Oo ow @. Those mentioned as I-tsing’s contemporaries or personal acquaintances (all were alive A.D. 670-700), 1, Gianakandra (in the Tiladha Vibra, near Régagriha). Mentioned as a priest in Nélanda (Hiuen Thsang, Mémoires, ix, 47). 2. Ratnasizha (in the Nalanda Vihara, near Rdgagtiha). Teacher of Hiuen Chao, who was i Nalanda about a. D. 649, Chavannes, Memoirs, p. 18. . Divakaramitra (in E. India), . Tathagatagarbha (in S. India), . Sakyakfrti (in Sribhoga, i Sumatra). . Rahulamitra (chief of the priests in E. India ; thirty years old in I-tsing's time, p- 63). He ts mentioned in Térandtha’s Buddhisms, p. 63; his favourite Ratnaktta-shira also belongs to the same period. 7. Kandra (in E. India; author of a dramatic poem on Vessantara [Visvamtara = Sudana], p. 164; he was still alive when I-tsing was in India (A.D. 673-687), Pp. 183). : I-tsing’s teachers an Ew TABLES OF LITERARY MEN. lix Notes. a, We have not made any progress in fixing the dates of 1, 2, and 3. But that these three lived at about the same time and before A.D. 400 seems to be quite certain, Hiuen Thsang (645) places them at one and the same period (Mémoires, xii, 214). Deva was a pupil of Nagarguna (Life, ii, 76; so also the Tibetan), and both contemporaries of Kanishka (Schiefner, Ratnadhar- maraga’s Work, Mém. Acad. St. Pét., 1848). Asvaghosha and Parsva lived in Kanishka’s time (Wassilief, Buddhismus, p. 52, note). The Chinese Sazyukta-ratna-pi¢aka-siitra (No, 1329, vol, vi, dated A.D. 472) makes Asvaghosha Bodhisattva, the physician Karaka, and MAthara, a great minister, the contemporaries of an-dana-kanita (= Kanishka), king of the country of Yueh-chi ; and again, in the Record of the Twenty-three Patriarchs, Fu-fa-tsang-yin-yuen-king (No, 1340, vol. v, p. 13%, dated 472), Karaka, Asvaghosha, and MA¢hara appear under Kanishka. The dates of the translations alone show us that the three (Karaka, Asvaghosha, MzAara) must have lived before A. D. 400 ; besides, the lives of Asvaghosha, Nagarguna, and Deva were translated A: D. 405 by Kumfragiva, who left India a.p. 383. Cf the date of the translations of Asyaghosha’s Buddhafarita and Sitralahkara, and Nagarguna’s Works (Il. 6. above). Further the 1, 2, 3 are said to have lived after 400 years of the Nirvana, and Kanishka is believed to have reigned in the first century of our era, and his second successor Vasudeva about a.D.178. So far as our knowledge goes, nothing is against making them contemporaries of Kanishka, Nagarguna was a contemporary of Sitavahana or Sélivahana (p. 159, note). Cf. Prof. Cowell, Buddhadarita (text), p. v. According to Prof, Kielhorn, Karaka must be placed before the middle of the seventh century (Ind. Ant., vol. xii, p. 227). Asvaghosha is perhaps the oldest, then Nag4rguna and Deva. The last is Arya Deva (Schiefner, Lebensbeschreib., 331), called Kava Deva because he was one-eyed (Record of the Twenty-three Patriarchs, vol. vi); or Nflanetra, because he had two spots like eyes on his cheeks ; but his real name was Kandraktrti (J. A.S., Bengal, 1882, p. 94; also Nanjio, App. i, 4). ¢ 7 ,¢. 6 and¢ cannot be separated by a long period, for d* is a contemporary of c2; ct, & are pupils of 4', while ¢, c* are pupils of &* (according to the Tibetan). c*, c°, ¢* are all contemporaries of Hinen Thsang, and c* is said to have lived at the time of Srof-tsan-gam-po, who sent envoys to India a.p. 632. ¢, c? are perhaps older than the others; Hiuen Thsang styles them ‘Bodhisattvas, and they lived probably early in the seventh century. Some of the others may have lived to the time of I-tsing’s arrival, a.D. 673. As to the name Sthiramati, see my note to p. 181 at the end; for Dharmakérti (Fa-chan), see Nanjio’s Catal., App. i, 19, p. 374 (not Dharmayasas ; cf. Vimalakirti, Wu-keu-chan). Burnouf tried to identify Gunamati with Guzaprabha, but, according to our Record, the one is a teacher in Dhyana, the other in Vinaya, and they seem to be quite different persons. For the dates of the translated works of those under 4, ¢, see Nanjio’s Catal., App. i.