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The old pantheistic thought does not thrive well in the new ethical atmosphere ; the idea of progress makes the old Hindu conception of cyclic change appear childish and old-fashioned ; transmigration does not seem such a solid and certain doctrine as it once seemed ; and modern thought simply destroys faith in the many gods of paganism and the value of idols. Thinking Indians must inevitably form new conceptions of God, man, morality, religion, and the meaning of the world. 134. Hence, we may be perfectly certain that ancient Hindu thought cannot survive. Something else will take its place. A new religion must be found, a religion which will — (a) Provide a religious foundation for the wider and truer ideas which now dominate the Hindu mind ; (I)} Satisfy the religious instincts of the people, and stimulate them to purity, progress, and strength. 2O2 HINDUISM AS A SYSTEM Christianity is unquestionably the source of the new explosive thought which is recreating the Indian character and intellect to-day. There is no other religion that con tains these master ideas. Only in the riches of Christianity — Christ and His cross, the Fatherhood of God, the Brother hood of man, and the Kingdom of God — can Hindus find the universal principles needed for a new intellectual, moral, and social life. Except Christianity, there is no religion in the whole world that is rich enough in theology, worship, emotion, literature to take the place of Hinduism. 135. We need not attempt to prophesy the day nor the hour when these vast changes will work themselves out. There may be no sudden outburst for a long time, but rather a continuous increase in the momentum of the move ment towards Christianity. The progress of the faith in other lands will have an influence on India which it is at present impossible to estimate. We may expect great developments within Hinduism, a stubborn and prolonged resistance from the central party, but an abundant victory for Christ in the end. NOTE. — The tail-piece below is a scroll of bo-tree leaves from Gandhara. Toucher, fig. 95. (See above, section 53.) BIBLIOGRAPHY The following brief list of books is meant to guide the student in the early stages of his work. For this reason a good many references are given to sections and chapters of books, in order to make effective study possible with a few volumes. Many books which are out of print are mentioned, as they may be found in libraries or purchased second-hand. For information as to original texts, readers are referred to the Biblio graphy at the end of Macdonell's Sanskrit Literature. In the case of books published in India, Indian prices are always given. Where English prices are given also, they are the prices at which the books may be got from booksellers in Britain. The following abbreviations are used : — Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. E.R.E. Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Alterlums- kunde, or Encyclopedia of Indo- Aryan Research. Published in parts, some of which are in English, some in German. Strasburg : Trubner. Grundriss Sacred Books of the East. S.B. E. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. J.R.A.S. I. GENERAL WORKS. (a) Hinduism. 1. Hinduism. By L. D. Barnett, M.A., D.Litt. Constable & Co. is. Every student ought to have this sketch. 2. The Religions of India. By E. W. Hopkins, Ph.D. Ginn & Co. 8s. (><i. net. The most recent manual of Hinduism. Contains much valuable material rather loosely arranged. 3. The Religions of India. By A. Earth. Translated by the Rev. J. Wood. Triibncr. i6.r. Older than Hopkins's book, but written with all the clearness of the best French work. 4. The Religious Sects of the Hindus. Compiled by the late Dr. John Murdoch largely from Prof. H. H. Wilson's famous sketch. Christian Literature Society. (As. 6.) yt. A mine of information. Criticism occasionally harsh. 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY (3) Hindu Literature. 5. Tht Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. ii. Clarendon Press. 6s. net. A volume containing chapters by different writers on Epigraphy, Archaeology, Coinage, Literature, Architecture, and History. Chap. VI is an outline of the history of Sanskrit literature, while Chap. XI is a very useful sketch of vernacular literature. 6. A History of Sanskrit Literature. By A. A. Macdonell, M.A., Ph.D. Heinemann. 6s. The best manual on the literature. 7. A Literary History of India. By R. \Y. Frazer, LL.B. Fisher Unwin. 125. 6d. net. An attractive volume, weaving the chief books, both Sanskrit and vernacular, into the history of India. 8. A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. By Max Miiller. Reprinted, Allahabad, Panini Office, 1912. Rs. 6. In spite of its age this great work is still most useful for reference on Vedic literature. 9. The Heart of India. By L. D. Barnett, M.A., Litt.D. John Murray, is. A series of useful extracts from Hindu literature, both Sanskrit and vernacular. II. PREHISTORIC TIMES. For the Aryan period see article, Aryan Religion, by Dr. Otto Schrader, E.K.E., and for the Indo-Iranian period see Chap. Ill of No. 15. III. THE VEDAS. (i) Introduction. No. 6 contains sufficient introduction to each of the Vedas for the beginner. 10. The Rigveda. By Adolf Kaegi. Translated by R. Arrowsmith, I'h.D. 91 pages of text with 107 pages of closely printed notes. Boston : Ginn & Co. 6s. 6d. 11. The Atliarvaveda. By Maurice Bloomlield. 136 pp. Grundriss. ?s. (2) Translations. 12. Rigveda, Samaveda, White Yajurveda, Atharvaveda. Translated by R. T. H. Griffith. M.A., C.I.E. Benares: Lazarus. Rigveda, Rs. 14; Samavcda, Rs. 4; White Yajur, Rs. 3 as. 13; Atharvan, Rs. 12. 13. Atharva-Veda-Samhita, Translated by W. D. Whitney and C. R. Lanman. 2 vols. Harvard Oriental Series. Ginn & Co. 215. net. BIBLIOGRAPHY 205 (3) Life and Religion. 14. Altindisches Leben. By H. Zimmer. Berlin. 10 m. 15. The Religion of the Veda. By Maurice Bloomfield, Ph.D., LL.U. New York : Putnam's Sons. 6s. IV. THE BRAHMANAS. (i) Introduction. See pp. 202-18 of No. 6, and pp. 342-455 of No. 8. Part IV of No. 1 1 contains a helpful introduction to the Gopatha Brahmana. For the religion of these books see Chap. IX of No. 2, and for the sacrifices see Chap. V of No. 7. (2) Translations. 16. The Satapatha Brahmana. Translated by Julius Eggeling. Vols. xiij xxvi, xli, xliii, xliv of S.B.E. Each 12s. 6d. net. Vol. xliv, 18*. 6d. net. V. PHILOSOPHIC PERIOD. For general conditions read Chaps. I to VI of No. 93 below. For a sketch of the schools of the times see Chap. I of No. 96 below. A vivid picture of the Brahmans is given in Chap. VIII of No. 7. For Buddhism and Jainism see below, sections xvii and xviii. VI. THE AR AN YAK AS AND UPANISHADS. (i) Introduction. 17. Brahma Knowledge. By L. D. Barnett. M.A., Litt.D. John Murray. 2s. An exposition of the teaching of the Upanishads, with a number of extracts from them. 18. The Philosophy oj 'the Upanishads. By Paul Deussen. Translated by the Rev. A. S. Geden, M.A. T. & T. Clark. 10.9. 6<f. The standard work. (2) Translation?. 19. The ha, Kena, Kathaka, Prasna, AlunJaka, and Mandukya Upanishads. Text and translation. By S. C. Vasu. Allahabad : Panini Office. Rs. 5. 20. Upanishads (the eleven classical treatises}. Translated by Max Miiller. S.B.E., vols. i and xv. Each io.f. 6d. net. 21. Sechzig Upanishad^s des Veda. Von Dr. Paul Deussen. Leipzig : Brockhaus. 205. A most reliable translation. Introductions very valuable also. 22. Aitareya Aranyaka (including the Upanishad). Introduction, text, translation, commentary. By A. B. Keith. Clarendon Press. i~,s. net. 23. Sankhayana Aranyaka. Translated by A. B. Keith. Royal Asiatic Societ. 5. 206 BIBLIOGRAPHY (3, Concordance. 24. Concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadgita. By G. A. Jacob. Bombay : Government Book Depot. Rs. 8. VII. THE SfTRAS. (i] Introduction. 25. Ritual- Literal ur, Vedische Opfer und Zanber. Von A. Ilille- brandt. Grnndriss. \2S. Chap. IX of No. 6 supplies a good historical introduction, and Chap. I of No. S still fuller information. Chap. XI of No. 2 gives a very helpful account of the popular religion reflected in these treatises. (2) Translations. 26. Grihya Sutras (eight treatises .