English
That which is reckoned. One thousand, two thousand, four thousand, eight thousand, sixteen thousand years of life can be endured. The extremely hot hell can endure half a medium kalpa, and the uninterrupted hell can endure one medium kalpa. Second, explaining the sufferings of the sixteen surrounding hells. After that, the fundamental sufferings of each of the eight hells are mostly weakened by the power of experience, and having escaped from that place, the appearance of breathing arises, and they go with the thought of escaping. Because they exist in the four directions of each, in a close and surrounding manner, they are called that, and is it also because they are places where the remnants of the fundamental suffering are not experienced? Or, because each has a different remaining suffering, and there are four in each direction, they are called the sixteen surrounding hells. When the doors of those places appear as if they are opened, with the perception of having a cool river, on the path of approaching there, they are chased by iron dogs with manes, and their knees sink into a pit of burning embers, and they experience suffering. Again, seeing pleasant shade and comfort, they go and fall into a swamp of decaying corpses and thick filth, and many creatures with heads on top and white bodies and sharp beaks pierce their skin. Again, seeing a pleasant plain, they go and are filled with razors, experiencing the suffering of being cut, and passing through that path, they see a green forest, and with that perception, they approach and go. After arriving in a forest where all the branches and leaves have the nature of swords, the wind of karma moves all the trees, and a rain of weapons falls on their bodies, and their bodies are cut into pieces, and apart from crying out, they experience the suffering of being separated from others. Again, seeing a cool and slowly flowing river, they go and sink into a river that is boundless and whose nature is fire, and their bodies are burned, and their flesh and bones are separated, and merely touching it is destroyed, and they experience the suffering that even the hail of Yama cannot endure. The razor plain is said to be the path to go to those places, so it is not counted separately. It is also said that due to the differences in karma, they will only be born in one of those places. For example, engaging in sexual misconduct will cause one to fall into a swamp of decaying corpses, causing suffering to sentient beings with weapons will cause one to fall into a forest of swords, associating with immature young women, and the property of the Sangha.
Chinese
由于骄慢自满，驱赶居住在水中的鱼、水獭等生物，导致河流干涸。此外，那些地狱的四个边界有铁制的带刺红棉树，从看似令人愉悦的顶端，看到先前执着的事物，或者那些亲密且吸引人的事物在呼唤，回忆起过去对它们的迷恋和享乐的誓言，于是在前往那里的路上，被狗和豺狼等追赶，许多约十六指长的锋利铁刺，被业力的风吹动，从前到后严重地刺穿，所有血肉都在流淌的身体到达顶端时，先前的亲密和吸引不再，而是燃烧着火焰且触感粗糙的铁女等紧紧抱住，身体燃烧，血肉飞散，头被压碎，脑浆被吸出等，在体验痛苦的尽头，再次出现被根部呼唤的景象时，由于过去执着欲望时不知满足的相似原因，即使在那时，也不会因那样的痛苦而厌倦，而是向下靠近，像先前一样被刺痛，失去记忆而坠入悬崖。乌鸦、金刚嘴、秃鹫和尸鹫等啄食眼睛，掏出肠胃等，将遭受难以忍受的痛苦。在《近念经》的偈颂中说：“迷恋红棉树，攀登，铁女折磨。”这红棉树也是武器的一种，因此被归类为刀剑林，周围有十六个附属地。这些的寿命并不确定，如《地基经》中所说。第三，讲述八寒地狱：寒冷地狱众生的共同痛苦是，所有地方都被冰雪覆盖，连手掌大小的绿地都没有，总是黑暗笼罩的深渊中，从上方和所有方向都受到暴风雪和狂风的袭击，身体被冻僵，像绳索一样颤抖着束缚，无法互相移动，变得弯曲，意识沉浸在痛苦的感受中。
English
Due to arrogance and complacency, driving away creatures such as fish and otters living in the water, causing rivers to dry up. Furthermore, at the four boundaries of those hells, there are iron silk-cotton trees with harmful natures. From the seemingly pleasant tops, one sees things previously clung to, or those intimate and attractive things calling out. Recalling vows of past attachment and enjoyment, on the path to reach them, one is chased by dogs and jackals, etc. Many sharp iron thorns, about sixteen fingers long, are propelled by the wind of karma, piercing severely from front to back, with all flesh and blood flowing. When the body reaches the top, the previous intimacy and attraction are gone. Instead, burning flames and rough-to-the-touch iron women, etc., hold tightly and embrace, causing the body to burn, flesh and blood to scatter, the head to be crushed, and the brain to be sucked out, etc. At the end of experiencing suffering, the vision of being called by the roots appears again. Due to the similar reason of never being satisfied when clinging to desires in the past, even at that time, one does not tire of such suffering but approaches downwards. Like before, being stung by thorns, losing memory, and falling into a cliff. Crows with vajra beaks, vultures, and corpse birds, etc., peck at the eyes and extract the intestines, etc., causing unbearable suffering. In the verses of the 'Mindfulness Sutra,' it says: 'Infatuated with the silk-cotton tree, climbing, tormented by iron women.' This silk-cotton tree is also a type of weapon, so it is classified as a forest of swords, with sixteen surrounding dependencies. The lifespan of these is uncertain, as stated in the 'Foundation Sutra.' Third, explaining the eight cold hells: The common suffering of beings in the cold hells is that all places are filled with snow and ice, without even a palm-sized patch of greenery. In that deep ravine, always shrouded in darkness, one is lashed by blizzards and gales from above and all directions. The body is frozen and bound by trembling like ropes, unable to move each other, becoming hunched over, with consciousness immersed in the feeling of suffering.
Chinese
从复活的境地中没有解脱出来，一次又一次地，用无法比拟的锋利风刃，以刺穿骨髓的力量，将寒冷的触感施加于身体的内外，例如，如果在牙齿之间挤压一粒芝麻，也不会有丝毫阻碍，就像牙齿上下互相接触一样，寒冷的触感互相遍布并搏击身体，从而感到痛苦。各自的差别是：由于非常寒冷，身体布满水泡，称为水泡狱；然后水泡破裂变成疮；无法忍受寒冷的感觉，持续发出“阿楚”的呻吟声；甚至无法说出那么多，因为声音嘶哑，只能发出“呜呼”的叹息声；甚至无法发出叹息声，牙齿打颤，头发和毛发竖立，身心变得迷茫，称为牙齿打颤狱；然后，皮肤的颜色像乌 উৎপལ་（梵文：utpala，梵文罗马拟音：utpala，汉语字面意思：青莲花）一样变成蓝色，裂成六瓣；像莲花和巨莲一样裂开，这是两种不同的情况；裂成八瓣后变成疮；像这样，每一次裂开又会裂成十六到无数瓣。像这样裂开的疮口中，会流出血液、脓水、脂肪和骨髓，并且会生出许多喙尖的生物，它们会啄食和吞噬，从而体验到难以忍受的痛苦。这些处所，在一些经文中说，痛苦的种类增加了，被认为是八种，除此之外没有其他差别。大多数情况下，就像复活狱与热地狱竞争一样，它们依次从下到上堆叠着。这八种寒冷地狱的寿命是：在 கோசல（梵文：kośala，梵文罗马拟音：kośala，汉语字面意思：拘萨罗）地方，装有二十卡车的芝麻，每过一百年取出一粒芝麻，当芝麻耗尽时，水泡狱的寿命就结束了，其余的寿命依次增加二十倍。也就是说，像这样确定地描述地狱的寿命，是小乘的观点。按照大乘的观点，就像 ഗ്യദ്པག་ཤི་ཏ་（梵文：gyadpagshita，梵文罗马拟音：gyadpagshita，汉语字面意思：格雅巴格西达）和朋友的女儿一样，由于产生了强大的对治力，会突然解脱，或者由于轻蔑金刚上师和舍弃正法等原因，也不会在多个大劫中流转，所以是不确定的。第四，短暂的痛苦
English
Without escaping from the state of being reborn, again and again, with an incomparably sharp wind weapon, with the power to pierce the depths of the bones, the cold touch is applied to the entire body, inside and out, like squeezing a sesame seed between the teeth, there is no hindrance at all, just as the teeth touch each other up and down, the cold touch spreads and fights throughout the body, causing suffering. The differences between each are: due to extreme cold, the body is filled with blisters, called the Blister Hell; then the blisters burst and become sores; unable to bear the feeling of cold, continuously uttering "Achu" groans; unable to say even that much, because the voice is hoarse, only able to utter a long sigh of "Kyihud"; unable to even utter a sigh, the teeth chatter, the hair and fur stand on end, and the body and mind become confused, called the Chattering Teeth Hell; then, the color of the skin turns blue like an উৎপལ་ (Tibetan: ཨུཏྤལ་, Sanskrit: utpala, Romanized Sanskrit: utpala, Literal meaning: blue lotus), and cracks into six petals; cracking like a lotus and a great lotus, these are two different cases; cracking into eight petals and turning into sores; like this, each crack will crack into sixteen to countless petals. From the sores that crack like this, blood, pus, fat, and bone marrow will flow out, and many sharp-beaked creatures will be born, and they will peck and devour, thereby experiencing unbearable suffering. Regarding these places, in some scriptures it is said that the types of suffering have increased, and they are considered to be eight, with no other differences. In most cases, just as the Rebirth Hell competes with the Hot Hells, they are stacked one on top of the other in order. The lifespan of these eight cold hells is: in the land of Kosala, there are twenty cartloads of sesame seeds, and one sesame seed is taken out every hundred years, and when the sesame seeds are exhausted, the lifespan of the Blister Hell ends, and the remaining lifespans increase twentyfold in order. That is to say, describing the lifespan of hells in this way is the view of the Hinayana. According to the Mahayana view, just like Gyadpagshita and the friend's daughter, due to the generation of powerful antidotes, there will be sudden liberation, or due to despising the Vajra Master and abandoning the Dharma, etc., one will not transmigrate for many great kalpas, so it is uncertain. Fourth, the temporary suffering
Chinese
关于近边地狱的解说：这些近边地狱众生的处所也不固定，可能是山岩、水、树木、火、天空等。数量不定，可能是众多聚集，可能是单独存在，也可能是少量存在。它们的痛苦和寿命也不固定，饥渴、寒热、击打、污秽、切割、砍劈等，或长或短地感受。因为不固定，所以称为近边地狱。它们将煤渣等视为自己的身体，因此被切割、砍劈等时会感到痛苦。没有门扇的小石块和大的瓦片等，总是覆盖着它们，使它们感到痛苦。同样，像门一样、像柱子一样、像炉灶一样、像绳子一样，在冰雪中冻僵，被树木和树叶覆盖，在天空中飘荡等，以前侵吞僧众的财物和寺庙的资具等，像国王一样享用，由于各种不善业的习气增长，将本不存在、显现和幻化的事物，认为是自己的身体，因此对它们产生执着，感受无尽的痛苦，或在白天夜晚、半夜、瞬间等时间里感受。如目犍连子说：“有生之年无安乐，一切众生如近边，各自为苦所煎熬，犹如处身烈火中。”一般而言，地狱的处所种类，从数量上确定为十八种，这在论典中广为人知，而在经部中则讲述了非常多的种类。那些地方，对于毁坏誓言和戒律等罪恶之人来说，只有呼吸的出入才能间隔，除此之外没有其他间隔，对于这样的人，那些不畏惧和不可思议之人的心，像金刚一样非常坚硬。如《亲友书》中说：“罪人呼吸出入顷，能断时分地狱苦，量难测度闻已者，不怖何者金刚性。地狱图画见闻念，诵读造作诸君子，生怖畏者尚不忍，况真受报苦痛者。”因此，那些
English
Explanation of the Utsedha hells: The abodes of these Utsedha beings are also not fixed, they may be mountains and rocks, water, trees, fire, sky, etc. The number is not fixed, they may be many gathered together, they may be alone, or they may be few in number. Their suffering and lifespan are also not fixed, they experience hunger, thirst, heat, cold, beatings, filth, cutting, chopping, etc., for a long or short time. Because they are not fixed, they are called Utsedha hells. They perceive coal cinders, etc., as their bodies, so they suffer when they are cut and chopped, etc. Small stones without doors and large tiles, etc., are always covering them, causing them to suffer. Similarly, like doors, like pillars, like stoves, like ropes, they freeze and stiffen in ice and snow, are covered in trees and leaves, and sway in the sky, etc. In the past, they consumed the property of the Sangha and the requisites of monasteries, etc., and enjoyed them like kings. Due to the increase of the imprints of various non-virtuous actions, they perceive those non-existent, appearing, and illusory objects as their own bodies, and therefore they cling to them, experiencing endless suffering, either during the day and night, midnight, or moments, etc. As Maudgalyayana's son said: "In existence there is no happiness, all beings are like Utsedhas, each tormented by their own suffering, like dwelling in the midst of a blazing fire." In general, the types of hell abodes are determined to be eighteen in number, which is well known in the treatises, while the sutras speak of very many types. In those places, for sinful people who have broken vows and precepts, etc., there is no interval except for the exhaling and inhaling of breath, and for such people, the hearts of those who are fearless and inconceivable are as hard as vajra. As it is said in the Letter to a Friend: "The suffering of hell, which can be interrupted only by the breath of a sinner, is immeasurable. What is the nature of the vajra that does not fear after hearing this? Seeing, hearing, remembering, reciting, and creating images of hell, even those who generate fear cannot bear it, what need is there to mention those who actually experience the unbearable ripening of karma?" Therefore, those