English
The down-strokes in nga and da begin at or near the right end of the horizontal line, and curve well to the left, whereas the down-stroke of Ta begins at the left end of the horizontal line, and comes straight down, or even with a slight slant to the right. The final strok e of nga is short and thick, while those of Ta and Da are long and tapering. Ta's final down-stroke, moreover, takes a bend to the left, while that of Da bears well to the right. Both, too, are brought well down whereas Nga’s final stroke is stunted. In writing the little stroke on the left should first be made, then the thin stroke next to it, then the top horizontal stroke and undercircle, and finally the long vertical down-stroke. ST may he written by first making the top horizon ta 1 stroke, then the whole left side of the letter, and finally the vertical down-stroke on the right. Or, after the horizontal stroke, first the little curved stroke in the top left-hand corner, then a straight diagonal line from 48 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. right to left downwards, and finally the vertical stroke on the right down wards, In writing letters like <3j and the down-stroke containing the loop is usually commenced from near the right-hand end of the hori¬ zontal stroke. The vertical stroke of should project down slightly beyond the point of junction with the curve on the right. 5 First the horizontal, then the thin curving down-stroke, beginning it from the centre of the horizontal, and lastly the thick curving stroke on the right, the top end of which should meet the thin down-stroke a little below the letter’s junction with the horizontal. Or thus, that is, first the horizontal stroke, then the short down stroke, and lastly the curving stroke, somewhat after the way we write the figure live, * First the horizontal, next from the centre of that stroke the down-stroke, then the loop on the left, working upwards, and then by ca.lying on the pen, the loop on the right working downwards. ^ bir-t make an 1 hat is to say, a vertical down-stroke •lien the rest of the figure. Lastly make a straight down-stroke’ meeting the end of flT has no loop. 9 First the dot, or thick short stroke on the left at the top, tl>en * he *“ ,f < ' ircle to '• then the thick short stroke slanting from left to right, and finally the long hook. Or else, first a horizontal Strok,-, then the dot or short thick stroke on the left at the top and then the rest as stated. LN hirst the horizontal, then from its centre or from near its right-hand end the short thin lines- loping downward to the left, then tlie hook a it it the tail brought up level with but clear of the horizontal stroke ; next, from near the top of the second stroke a straight or curving line downwards With a slant to the right; and lastly the ver- t-ioal down-stroke TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 49 W First a short horizontal, then a sort of V with another horizontal over the right-hand limb, then the stroke slanting to the right, and finally the vertical down-stroke. Or, first two parallel ver¬ tical strokes of equal length, with a horizontal on each, then another parallel vertical stroke a little longer than the others. Then join the first two with an under-curved stroke ; and lastly, with a slanting stroke from left to right, join the second and third vertical strokes, at the bottom. The first wav is the better. First write an elongated 9 thus Cl" and then add the bar across the middle. Or first write an ordinary an d then subjoin a CJ* without its horizontal stroke.—Thus First a short horizontal, then the thin short dow'n-stroke, slanting to the left, then the thick stroke up the end of it, slanting to the right. Then, from near the top of the second stroke, make the long down-stroke, sloping to the right, and lastly the vertical down- stroke. ^ First a horizontal, then the short thin down-stroke from near the right-hand end of the horizontal, and slanting to the left, then the thiek stroke at the bottom, beginning it from w'ell to the left of the down-stroke and carrying it boldly across the end of the latter, with a good sweep to the right and with a don nward trend. In making ~J‘ the beginner should see that he does not make it look like Q’ Q' First a fairly long horizontal. Then from near the left-hand * end a thin downward stroke slanting to the left, then a thick down¬ ward-stroke slanting to the right, and finally the vertical dowm-stroke commencing it from the right-hand end of the horizontal. cTj* First a fairly long horizontal. Then to the first half of it 50 TIBETAN GRAMMAR subjoin a small *T without its horizontal. Then, from the right-hand end of the horizontal, make the long vertioal down-stroke. pT This is the same as Ol' reversed. T First the horizontal. Then the two little strokes, and finally, the long vertical down-stroke. Book-Letter and Running-Hand. These are very much alike, the Running , . the more difficult of the two to read and write. Specimens of’ bothf in all possible combinations, are given in Csoma d xr-v * ri (l 834 j b m woma de Koros’s Grammar § ^1*—Spelling. of SPeMiD8 may bedescribcd cumulative process, one only of the component parts of a syllable being taken up at a time Next or by waVo/tm.Ztt Wit '‘ ““ * <*vance! second component part is o . C °“ P ° ne . nt part - Then *U effect of all that has thus ™ nOU “ C * y ltse,f - Finally, the phonetic and the “ i8 quite <vorth gressively, through most of the stages f™!! , prOCe88 pr0 ‘ eyllables:_ 0 0111 Slrn pl e to complex ^ (for example), and one final TT Ka, Kag-ga . Ka. T]C' Ka. Kang-nga, Kang. TV Ka. Ka’-da . Kd\ T Ka, Kan-na. Kd fl . hpT Ka, KS-la , KH. T |ST K a, Kii-sa, Kd. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 51 TT .—Consonant and Double Affix. iwr g a, Gang-nga-sa, Gang. K‘a, K‘am-marsa, Kam. K‘a, K'am-ma (La’-kor)-sa, K'am. III .—Consonant with Prefix and Affix . Da-wo : Ka, K’a-'a, K'a. 1 SqpOy* Ma-wo: K‘a, K^a-’a, K:'a. IV .—Consonant and Single Vowel-sign, T Ka, gi-gu, Ki. T Ka, ihyab-kyu, Ku T Ka, deng-bu, Ke. T Ka, na-ro, Ko. V .—Consonant with double Vowel-sign and Subjunct. c ^* 6a, na-ro, go; ’a, na-ro, ou ; Oou. ex VI .—Consonant with Vowel-sign and Affix. TIE* Ka, na-ro, ko ; kong, nga, Kong. Ra, deng-bu, re ; r^’-da, Hi *. VII._ Consonant with Vowel-sign and Double Affix. pWT K‘a, na-ro, K‘o ; k’om, ma, sa, K'om. VIl.i .—Reversed Letters. Ta-log-I'a ; Tam-ma (La’-kor) Tara; k‘a ; Tam-k'a. Da-log-Ga ; ma ; Ra, 2hyab-kyu, Hu; pa^ma-ru. 52 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. IX.— Yortds. Ka, Ya-ta, Rytt. y Yflrtft, Cha. y P‘a, Ya-ta, Cha. 3* 6a, Ya-ta, J*a. *T Ma Ya-ta, Nya. x. — Yo-ftz with Vowel-sign. 3 Ka - y^ fc a. kya; kya, gi-gu, Ayt. XI. Yrz-ia un<A Vowel-sign and Affix. cv 3**' Ka, ya^ta, kya; kya, gi-gu, kyi; kvi, sa, ky i. XII. Yo-/a with Vowel~sign and Double Affix . K‘a, ya-ta, k'ya ; k‘ya, deng-bu, k‘ye ; k 4 yeb, ba, sa ? k'yeb* XIII.— Ya-ta with Prefix and Affix. ^3^ Da-wo : ka, ya-ta, kya ; kyar, ra, kyar. Darwo: pa, ya-ta, cha; chft, la, ch&. XIV Ya-ta with Prefix, Vowel and Affix. Cv ^ *3^ iWo: ka, ya-ta, kya; kya, gi-£u, kyi ; kyf-la, kyi, ^9^ Da-wo pa, ya-ta, cha; cha. na-ro, cho ; cho’ da ch6\ XV. Ya-ta with Prefix , Vowel and Double Affix ,. CITFFJ Ba-wo: ka. va-tft, kya; kya. gi-g u , kyi;.. kvi ga-sa, kyi. TIBETAN OEAEMAR. 63 XVI.— Ya-td and Affix, eaxh unth V oxoejrsxgn. @5’ K ‘ a - k< ya ; k ya, deng-bu, k‘ye ; ’ft, ihyab- kyu, *u ; k l ye~*u. XVII.— It a-las and II a-las. Spelt like ya^tas, but the following would be new :— Ba, ban, na, ban ; da, ha-t&, d a ; d*a, zhyab-kyu. ^ d‘Q ; ka ; Bdn-d'u-kd . Ba, ha-ta, b‘a ; b*a. ra-ta, br‘&; br‘a, ihyab-kyu, br‘u ; br‘ura, ma, br'um ; ha, ra-ta, hra : hra, gi-gu, hri ; Br‘ itm-hri. XVIII.— La-las -i sr Ka - ST 6a, ^ Ba, ) la-ta, La, Ra, 5F Sa, j 2a, la-ta, Da, £jpy Ka, la-ta, la ; la, na-ro, lo ; lo£-£a, Lo\ XIX.— Wa-iivrs. Ts‘a, wa-iur, te‘a ; k‘a, ibyab-kyu, k‘u ; k‘u£, ga, k‘uf : T8‘a-k‘u\ Zhya, wa-iur, 2hy& ; ma, na-ro, mo ; ihya-mo . < " l'*7 Ba, na-ro, bo ; da, ha-t&, d‘S, ; d*&, gi-gu, d*i ; sa ; ta, wa^Stur, ta : Bo-di-sa^td. XX. Ra-gos, Largos , and Sa-gos. ff\ Ra, ka-tli, Ka. flj" Ra, ta, G'a. 64 TTBETAN GRAMMAR. Ra, nga-tA, ffga. JJj* La, ka-ta, Ka. sr La > ga-ta, Oa . La, nga-ta, fig a. rrf Sa, ka-ta, Ka. tr}* Sa, ga-ta, £. Sa, nga-ta, 8ga. In spelling, the Prefix is taken first, then the surmounting letter, then the ga-ta, or ra-ta, or other subjunct, then the vowel, then the affix or affixes. Thus — Ba-wo : Sa, ga-ta, ga ; ga, ra-ta, <Ja ; da, ghyab-kyu, du ; dung, nga, sa, &nng. XXI. Miscellaneo us Exam pies. Ta Pa, pan, na, pan ; ch‘a, deng-bu, che; ch*6n ; na, clPen ; r.a, gi-gu, ri; rin, n, rin; pa na-ro, po ; ch‘a, deng-bu, ch'e : Pajst-oh'^n, rin-po-ch‘e. The Grand Lama of Tasbl L‘umpo in Tsang, usually called the Tashi Lama, and an incarnation of *0 y -pa0-m&. A, na-ro, ’o ; ’o’, da, ’o’ ; da-wo ; pa, pag, ga, pag ; ma, deng-bu, me; me’, da, md* : 6 , Buddha Amitabha, or Boundless Light. ; La; ’a, gi-gu, T; lai; Ba, la-ta, la; ma; Ta-lai La-ma, The Dalai Lama, or Spiritual Head of Tibet until Sir Frank Younghusband’s entry into Lhassa. 'A-wo : ba. ra-ta. da ; <Jtt, sa, <Jlt ; la, ja-ta, Ja ; TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 65 Ja, na-ro. Jo; Jong, nga, 8a, Jong : t>JC-JoNG (pronounced £>Xn-Jong), Sikkim. ^ E*3 C ' Ra > da-fc4 t (Ja ; <Ja, na-ro, <Jo ; ra, ja-ta, Ja ; Ja-deng- bu > J e i la-ta, la ; la, gi-gu, li ; ling, nga, ling : t)o-U e-ling , or Dor-Je-ltco, Darjeeling, or the Place of Ecclesiastical Sway ; literally the Place of the Sovereign Stone.