English
zy Ba. This prefix is of Masculine Gender, and occurs before the Initials ff]* Ka, On , 5* Cha , 3' da, y Xya, y Ta. y Da, S’ Xu Tsa, Dz'a. (S' Zhya , 3 Za. K Ba, Sha , 5T *Sa , and twenty-nine other letters, compounds of the foregoing, some having one or otherof the different subjuncts, and some even one or other of the three different superposed letters. It is & very common prefix, and enters into the formation of the Perfect and Future Tenses of many verbs. Ex. Kor, Perfect Root and Future Root of Kor-wa, To Surround ; ZftYO, Perfect Root, and Zftyo p Future Root of Jo\\ T a f To ih ilk. 24 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. £T Ma . This prefix is of Very Feminine Gender, and occurs before F Ka, *7]’ 6a , C* Nga, $>'Ck<a, E* Jo, Nya, T ( a, Da , A r o, <£* T&‘a, E" Dz*a and four other letters, compounds of some of the foregoing in Ya-td, or Ra-ta. F 'A, This Prefix is of Feminine Gender, and is found before F K<a, F 6a, Ch*a , E* Jo, Z>o, q* P'a, q* Ba, <£’ TV a, Et Dz'a, and nine other letters, compounds of some of the foregoing in Ya-td , or Ra~td. The raising-power (if any) of these prefixes, as regards Tone, depends upon their gender as mentioned above, the masculine prefix q’ Ba possessing the greatest power. § 14.—The following Tabular Statement of the consonants (in their simple form) which, as Initial Radical letters, take prefixes, and of the particular prefix or prefixes which, and which alone, each such consonant takes, may he found of use, especially in cases where the student feels some difficulty in determining whether any particular letter is or is not a prefix. For instance, no letter except q* Da, or q’ Ba, immediately preceding a Ty Ka, can be a prefix; no letter except $J* Ma, or ’ A , immediately preceding a PT K*a. can be a prefix ; and so on. Initial or Prefix or Radical letter. Prefixes taken. 1 Example. 'I *S Kar-po, White. Ta-shi, Joy, Prosperity, Blessing. TIBETAN GRAMMAR 2't Initial or Radical letter. 1 Prefix or Prefixes taken. Example. F Sipyj K*an~po f Abbot. a, K'ye^wa, or K'nr-uja. To carrv ' away. *> f ^ i a-wa i Joy, Happiness. Oe, Demon. SJ 5I = T]’ Oo , Head. q^rrnrrr Qy&-wa t To fall. Stumble. C Money, Silver. 51 ^I^^*5T $ gar-mo , Sweet. 5 C’ko/f-pa, To break (Transitive) Cku£~pa, To allow. * Ch*o~to, Beak. Q^5T ( Jh ‘ am , Masq uerade. s Zi-)V , Glory, Splendour. 51 Jii-iva , To meet. Ji-pa, To be afraid. * P Syer-ts^ang, Pantry. R $ye~iva t To ferment. 51 1 SJ*?k35*3J^*CJ* R yen-sa'-pu. To rouse. 26 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Initial or Radical letter. Prefix or l Prefixes taken. [ Example. ■5 "I ^^51’ Tam, Rumour, SJ Ton-pa, To cast out. 51 5J^* r‘’d ( End. T* ung-tva, To drink. bong. Face. r? be-po, Good, Well. 51 5JC^' Z)’d. Arrow. QyC51*XJ* bain-pa , To choose. =n : iVo’-ptt, Injury. Cl $ ar-wa, To lengthen. Extend. 51 dfV ’d, Oath. CJ s ^CJC'CI' Pang-po , Witness. a P*?-wa, To increase. d f/ > Breath ; E(n-4a. Summer. Bor-wa^ Xo blaze up. ^51=TV?r Ma4-mi. Soldier. 5 CJ* Tsang-po, River. C! Ts6n-K*ang , Prison. Jail. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 27 I nitial or Radical letter. Prefix or Prefixes taken. T--- Example. & 5J5* TVo, Lake. Q Ts'ig'-pu, To burn (Intransitive). E Q ^^(3j Dziin t Lie, Falsehood. Dze-jx> } Lovely. t)zing-ra . Fortification. 2! I None =n =*1^**1* yJiydn-pa (pro. Zhy&m-pa), Another. CJ o^C*^a<V Xfma-z'tiyiji , According to. a *1 1 ^,-po, Body. Q S3 Z'nh-ta, Likeness. a None, CTp,jq|* Kr/’, or Taj?, Bull. Yak. 5 Kasha , Thigh. 1 None. "1 *S7^-rvAe tuMj-wa. To rebuke. CJ^q^*q* „S7/ d pa. To tell. ---■-- A--- - 28 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Initial or Radical letter. Prefix or Prefixes taken. Example. *1 "1 CTpWcf S:i-po, Bright, Clear. 86'-de kam-po, Misfortune. None. None. NOTES. 1.—Letters are either ■ simple, like r T]' ) or complex, like Tp, ^ and so forth. Syllables in which Prefixes occur may consist of two, three, or four such letters. For the purpose of ascertaining what, letters are Prefixes, complex letters may be regarded as one letter. No letter that lias another letter superadded to it-, or subjoined to it. or which is qualified by any of the vowel-signs ~ > " • can he a Prefix. 2.—In the case of a two-letter syllable, whenever the second letter is qualified by a vowel-sign, oris otherwise complex, the first letter, if one of the five mentioned in § 13, may be taken to be a Prefix. Kx.— Ts‘o, A lake : Ta-mi-shF, Calamity In the case of a two-letter syllable in which both letters are simple lettei*s, then, even if the first letter is one of the five mentioned in $ 13, it is not a Prefix, but an Initial or Radical. Ex.— £T|cip f$A’-riA', Cake of tea ; Bab-yong-wa, To descend. 4 In the case of a syllable consisting of more than two letters, the first, if one of the five mentioned in § 13, may be taken to be a Prefix. This is so whether the next letter is or is not simple. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 2U Lx. C] (the Literary form of CXJ£ ^ j BaIi-pa, To descend ; ~4* K‘an-po, Abbot ,' Qf|*N ^ KO’pa, To create. Verv rarely it is otherwise, as in the case of the S in the word *^cn^" Ri-6a, Wild onttnol m Such words are often written with a ini-zur under the ^ to show that it is not a Prefix, but an Initial. Thus it is then still pronounced Should the Prefix be *v’ # and the Initial be simple CJ\ then loses its b sound, and is pronounced ir,or tr as modified bv the next letter, if any, such as iVa, dj* La, or 54' Sa (set Vo WE I. Modifications, §3). Should, however, the. be accompanied by ^ (] yu-td ), or any vowel-sign, it similarly loses its tc sound, ami rakes that of the ya-td or of the vowel-sign. Ex.— MC Not Bang but Wang. Authority, Power ; Wx, Pi nnacle, Spt re ; Var, Summer : Or, A place in Tibet ; On-po. yephew of a Lama . If the ^7" be accompanied bv •> ( Ra-ta ) it acquires tlie sound of d, i.e. palatal d (see i} 6). Ex. — Da Name of a Tibetan tribe; t* A * Pderstice. § 15. — Peculiarities of Pronunciation When a syllable beginning with one of the Prefixes PT nr a* * * 1 follows another syllable ending in a vowel-sound, the Prefix is often in the Colloquial carried back, sometimes with its own sound sometimes with a changed sound, to the preceding syllable, and pronounced as if it were part of it. Ex.— q£'d|5=*]- Chu-chi t pronounced Chug-chi\ Eleven* _ CN Cnu-iftYi, pronounced ChuB- iftYi. Fourteen . 30 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ^*^3’ Ra-2'i, pronounced Rab-^i, Drunk, riTjq ^T^’CTl^“*q* {Hon.) K’a-kyon-Sano-wa, pronounced -IC"ab-kyon-JJang NGA, To censure. <^*CJ3Q^ (Hon.) Na-2'a, pronounced Nam-^’a, Clock t Clothes. K A -ch { u, pronounced K‘am-oh‘u, Lawsuit. Va-ts‘an-po, pronounced Vam-ts‘am-po, Astonish- ing. 2. The Prefixes ^ and are never themselves carried back : but in the case of and also of ST the sound of n is sometimes sub¬ stituted, and pronounced with the preceding syllable. Ex._ T ‘ohb\ pronounced T'on-Po’ Ambition. m * a qv *^=T pronounced Mix-nu’, Is not , are not ““N __ (Hon.) Oe-^On, pronounced GfcN-PttN. Clergy. (Hon.) ^hyX-cam, pronounced Zhyan-Pam, Cheek. Kon-be ta’-pa, pronounced NOm-be ta’-fa To add. Me-P’a, pronounced MfcN-t>X Gun. ** Me-Pa’, pronounced MPn-Pa’ , Ember. 3.—Ev on when the first syllable ends in Pf the same custom someti ines holds, probably because of the incomplete way in which final =T|* is uttered, the syllable therefore seeming to end in a vowel-sound Ex.— (Hon.) Cn*A6-m\ or Ch‘a*-mj\ Cii'an-PO*, Knot. pronounced 4.- The sound of n is sometimes transmuted into that of m. Ex. K an-po, pronounced K‘am-po, Abbot, TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 31 Yin-pa, pronounced Yim-pa, To be (copula;. Non-bE ta’-pa, pronounced Kom-bF: ta’-pa. To add. Zhyan-pa, pronounced Zhyam-pa, Other. 5. The sound of OJ* as final of first syllable is also sometimes changed into that of m. Ex._ {Hon.) Gd-ch'am, pronounced GUn-ch 4 am, Catarrh. GyX-ts'an, pronounced Oyan-ts'an. Banner of Victory. 6 ' Ttie s °unds that are latent in superadded letters, sometimes result in audible sounds, pronounced with the preceding syllable. Ex._ srplfll {Hon.) SC-fiONG, pronounced Son-Dong, Chum. J‘a-Dong, pronounced J'an-Dong, Tea churn. Ch‘o-J}ga, pronounced Ch‘6-Nga, Fifteen. CH'tS’-TteN, pronounced CH‘oH-TkN, A monument containing the ashes of a sami or other relics. ^ Ra as a final is frequently pronounced so softly as to be almost unheard. Ex.— 94-^’T|* Ser-ka, pronounced Se-ka, Chink. Yar-la, pronounced Ya-La, Above. ^WgC’C* (d*) iflAR- hbang-wa, pronounced Ma-hrano-nga, Naked. Bar-la, pronounced Ba-la, Between. TJuR-T't)’, pronounced Uu-t'o’, Cemetery. •O 'Ub-^a, pronounced U-I>a, Noise. Kar-yo, pronounced Ka-yo, Earthen mug or cup. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. gK' Tsar, pronounced Tsa, Margin Ser ( pronounced Se, Gold. K‘ar-^ga, pronounced K'a-^ga, Gong. Sar-pa, pronounced Sa-pa , New. -When the first of two syllables ends in a vowel-sound, and the next syllable consists of ^ wa , the latter often takes the sound of a. Ex.— 'U’^‘ Chi'-wa, pronounced Chu-a, Dung of cattle. The following is a common case of CJ* wa, or CJ* pa, being reduced to the sound of a : — pronounced Yaw-a-r£’. Is, are , was, were (in the sense of possibly or probably being).