English
It may seem to him , ' Cited by Buhler, p. 84; see CII. 3, p. 96. Cf. p. 108. ^ Examples at CII. 3, pp. 20, 35. ’ Bibliotbec. Sanskrit., p. 85. * Let any one who underrates the inconyenience here discussed, try to find a few passages in Boer's Upanishads; which have not even an indication of the chapter, save in the widely separated colophons. By the Editor of this Series XXV like ‘damnable iteration' to give the title of the work and the title and number of the major division thereof at the head of each pair of pages; but the man who uses the work only occasionally, is glad to find his place at a glance and without having to study prefatory explanations or a table of contents. In a work like the Panchatantra, it is important to devise English titles for each tale, so short that several may be put into one head-line ; so well chosen as to suggest, if possible, the contents ; and, in case of two or more tales with the same motif, so similar as to imply the similarity.^ Moreover, the order of mention should always be the same.^ It is Dr. HertePs intention, in giving the variants, to refer to this text by page and line; hence the page-number and the number of every third line are given, and always on the right-hand side of the page. And in order that the beginner may the sooner learn the meters, the (abbreviated) names of all meters except slokas are given in the margin. Emboxments indicated by wavy lines.—It is the Hindu habit to embox^ one story within another, and a third within the second, and so on. To follow any given story through these interruptions is not always easy for a master, and is most difficult for a beginner who reads slowly. In this edition the fiame-story is distinguished by small type; emboxments of the first degree by large type; emboxments of the second degree by large type and one vertical wavy line at the left-hand margin; emboxments of the third (or fourth degree by large type and two (or throe) wavy lines. The general structure of the whole work appears also very plainly from the Table of Contents, in which I have tried to make the relation of frame-story to emboxments and of these to one anotlier clear at a glance. Thus tale xv of book I, Strand-bird and sea, runs over 14 pages (83-96) with five interruptions (tales xvi-xx). The text of tale xv is indicated at a glance by the large type and absence of wavy line. If one wishes to read it all and continuously, one has only to skip the passages marked with a wavy line. So tale xxii of book I, King, minister, and false monk, runs over 6 pages (102-107) with emboxments of the second and third degrees. Tale ii of book II, Mouse and two monks, ’ Thus: I. XXV, Ape, glow-worm, and officious bird; IV. ix, Ape and officious bird. Again: HI. vi, Gold-giving serpent; III. vii, Gold-giving birds; III. xiv, Bird whose dung was gold. ‘‘‘ Not ‘ Lion and ram ’ in head-line, and ‘ Ram and lion ’ in the Table of Contents. * We might say interject or intercalate. The unintended connotation of spuriouaness goes with interpolate. The best word is embox\ cf, einschachteln and eniboiter. * As on p. 285. d XXVI Notes on the Externals of Indian Boohs runs over 20 pages (134-153), with six breaks, which, in the text as usually printed, seem complicated and confusing. The extreme simplicity and effectiveness of my device will, I hope, commend itself to all, and lead to its adoption in other texts of this kind. 8. Punctnation.—Single strokes are found, though seldom, even in the oldest times. Biihler gives a summary account of Indian punctuation at pages 84-85. What concerns us most is the fact that the methodical elaboration of a system was (in India, as elsewhere) the work of scholars; and that the more or less thorough carrying out of such a system depended (as with us) on the education and carefulness of the scribe. So far Buhler. We may add that it depends also on the Hindu habit of mind,' which does not demand consistency and freedom from ambiguity so imperiously as do our modern teachers of English writing. In prose, the Hindu scribes commonly separate the subordinate clause from the principal one, and subordinate clauses from one another. For these purposes they use the danda (and, in Kashmirian MSS., the ardha-danda) or else annul the sandhi. How false the Vedic sandhi at the end of padas a and c really is appears from the example cited below, p. xxxix; cf. Wackernatrers Grammar, § 262. ° In a passage to be cited below (p. xxix), Bdhtlingk opposed (in 1875) the mtroduction of punctuation, but he seems to have changed his opinion, for m 1889 he brought out the Chandogya and Brhadaranyaka Upanishads with free use of danda and ardha-danda, to say nothing of the valuable distinction of verse from prose and of the clear division into paragraphs, &c. In 1892 he discusses ^ the misleading punctuation marks used by the Hindus after each tenth part of a kandika without regard to sense, and gives a most admirable example of truly helpful punctuation under the title ‘ Probe einer rationeUen Beai-beitung des Taittiriya-Brahmana ’. Ten years later he says * that the misleading marks very much increase the diftculty of a rapid understanding of the text. A rational punctuation, on the other hand, he adds, cannot be too warmly commended. Dhupakar and Bakre, in the new edition ® of the Brahma-Sutras, have been wonderfully successful in aiding the quick reading of the comments of bamkara and the rest. Besides the single and double stroke they use a not infrequent dash, single quotation marks to show the beginning and end of the multitudinous citations from the Upanishads, and parentheses to enclose the references to the latter. These marks are all in a style which ^ ?bid PP- 200, 202. Jbid., pp. 203-226. 4 zDm. 56.116. Bombay, 1904, Nirnaya Sagara Press. By the Editor of this Series xxvii harmonizes so admirably with fcho Nagari letters that the eiPect is wholly congruous. We may say that the Hindus have already recognized the value of rational punctuation, have developed it, under Western influence, from its early rudimentary form to a far better one, and do practically employ it with other useful typographical devices. Dr. Hertel’s text follows the general (but of course inconsistent) practice of the MSS. as to single and double danda, and employs in addition the ardha-danda of the MSS. of Kashmir.^ Hsrphenatiou of compounds.—Buddhaghosa, in book vii of the Visuddhi-magga, derives Bhagavd from bluigga as follows; Yasma pana lobhadosamohaviparltamanasikaraahirikanottappakodhupanahamakkhapa- lasaissamacchariyamayasatheyyathambhasnrambhamanatimanamadappa- madatanhaavijjatividhakusalamuladuccaritasamkilesamalavisamasanfiavita- kkapapaficacatubbidhavipariyesaasavaganthaoghayogaagatitanhupadanapa- ficacetokhilavinibandhanivaranabhinandanilchavivadamulatanhakayasatta- nusayaatthamicchattanavatanhamulakadasakusalakammapathadvasatthidi- tthigataatthasatatanhavicaritappabhedasabbadarathaparilahakilesasatasaha- ssani sahkhepato va paficakilesakkhandhaabhisahkharadcvaputtamaccu- mare abhanji, tasma bhaggatta etesam parissayanarh Bhaggava ti vattabbe Bhagava ti vuccati. This is the most lengthy compound I have noted in the work (about 449 letters). I cannot believe that a division by hyphens would not be helpful. The Rangoon edition (p. 171“) makes a halfway attempt at division without hyphens. It docs so with hyphens at p. 392 Punctuation in English.—The punctuation of modern English is held to be an indispensable aid to intelligibility, and its importance has been often illustrated. The words of the famous apology, ‘ I said he was a liar it is true and I am sorry for it,* if pointed so that the words ‘ it is true’ have the force of a parenthetic concessive clause, form an amende honor¬ able. If pointed so that the words * it is true' make a declarative clause, they are only an aggravation of the original insult. De Vinne cites ^ the official print of a Congressional enactment specifying certain things as free of customs duty,—among them, ‘fruit, seeds.’ Congress had doubtless intended to say ‘ fruit-seeds , but the substitution of a comma for a hyphen cost the Government many thousands of dollars. ‘Dancing girls’ and dancing-girls * are very different. Ein wohlberechtigter Glaube is ‘a well- justified belief . Ein wohl berechtigter Glaube is ‘a belief which is prob- In places where Dr. Hertel has introduced the ardlui-damla, his MSS. generally annul the sandhi, and very often, if not in most cases, use the single danda. Correct Composition, p. 244. xxviii Notes on the Externals of Indian Boohs ably justified’. As a version of varavarninly ‘fair-colored woinan ’ is correct; while ‘ fair colored woman ’ is incorrect, and to an American most amusingly so. My children recently had the fun of puzzling me with some very easy English sentences. They need but little pointing ; but for that little the need is great. The teacher said that that that that that sentence contained was a pronoun It was and I said not or That that is is that that is not is not. The puzzles are puzzles only to the eye. The instant the sentences are intelligently spoken all uneleamess vanishes. But if they must be under¬ stood without the help of sentence-accent and its concomitants, to wit, by eye and not by ear, why should we deny the reader such help ^ as we can easily give 1 9. Spacing or division of words.—Its usefulness in English or Greek.—Suitable punctuation is an immense help to us in understanding our English. Great as that help is, it is yet my deliberate opinion that the help which we get from the division of words in modern English is incal¬ culably greater.