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The name is sometimes combined with the word vdta (wind), imrjanyar-vdtaj referring probably to the combined powers and effects of rain and wind. In later times he is regarded as the guardian deity of clouds and rain, and the name is applied to Indra. 2. One of the Adityas. PARSHADA Any treatise on the Yedas produced in a Parishad or Yedic college. PARTHA. A son of Pntha or KuntT. A title applicable to the three elder Pfrnt^avas, but especially used for Arjuna, PAR I 'A TI—PA TA NJA LI. 233 PARVATI. ' The mountaineer.' A name of the wife of *Siva. See Devi. PA/SU-PATI. ' Lord of creatures.' A name of Riidra or of one of his manifestations. See Rudra. PATALA. The infernal regions, inhabited by ISTagas (ser- pents), Daityas, Danavas, Yakshas, and others. They are seven in number, and their names, according to the Yish?m Purawa, are Atala, Yitala, ISTitala, Gabhastimat, Mahatala, Sutala, and Patala, but these names vary in different authorities. The Padma Pura/ia gives the names of the seven regions and their respective rulers as follow : — (i.) Atala, subject to Maha-maya ; (2.) Yitala, ruled by a form of /S'iva called Hatakeswara ; (3. ) Sutala, ruled by Bali; (4.) Talatala, ruled by Maya; (5.) Mahatala, where reside the great serpents; (6.) Rasatala, where the Daityas and Danavas dwell; (7.) Patala, the lowermost, in which Yasuki reigns over the chief NTigas or snake-gods. In the /S'iva Pura?^a there are eight : Patala, Tala, Atala, Yitala, Tala, Yidhi-patrda, ;Sarkara-bhiimi, and Yijaya. The sage Narada paid a visit to these regions, and on his return to the skies gave a glowing ac- count of them, declaring them to be far more delightful than Indra's heaven, and abounding with every kind of luxury and sensual gratification. PA^ALI-PUTRA. The Palibothra of the Greek writers, and described by them as being situated at the confluence of the Erranaboas (the Sone river) with the Ganges. It was the capital of the Kandas, and of the Maurya dynasty, founded by Chandra- gupta, which succeeded them as rulers of Magadha. The city has been identified with the modern Patna ; for although the Sone does not now fall into the Ganges there, the modern town is smaller in extent than the ancient one, and there is good reason for believing that the rivers have changed their courses. PATAjSTJALA. The Yoga philosophy. See Darsana. PATANJALI. The founder of the Yoga philosophy. (,S'^6' Darsana.) The author of the INIaha-bhashya, a celebrated com- mentary on the Grammar of Pa7iini, and a defence of that work against the criticisms of Katyayana. He is supposed to have written about 200 B.C. Ram Krish?za Gopal Bha?if/arkar, a late inquirer, says, " He probably wrote the third chapter of his Lhashva between 144 and 142 B.C." Weber, however, makes 234 PATHA—PISACHAS. liis (late to be 25 A. D. He is also called Gonardlya and Gowika- putra. A legend accounting for liis name represents that he fell as a small snake from heaven into the palm of Pa?^ini {'pata, ' fallen ; ' an j all, ' palm '). PArHA. ' Reading.' There are three forms, called Pachas, in which the Yedic text is read and written : — (i.) Sanhita- pafha, the ordinary form, in which the words coalesce according to the rules of Sandhi ; (2.) Pada-j)a/ha, in which each word stands separate and independent; (3.) Ivrama-pa/ha, in which each word is given twice, first joined with the word preceding and then with the word following. PATTAXA. ' City.' Several great places have been known as Pattan or 'the city.' Soma-natha was Pattan; Anhalwara is still known as Pattan, and there is also Patna. PAULOMAS. Ka.syapa by his wife Puloma had many thousand " distinguished Danavas called Paulomas, who were 2)owerful, ferocious, and cruel." They were killed by Arjuna. PAUiVDPtA, PAUiYi)RAKA. Belonging to the country of Vwndr^i. The conch-shell of Bhishma. PAUYDRAIvA A pretender who, on the strength of being a Yasu-deva, or descendant of one named Yasu-deva, set himself up in opposition to K?"isli?ia, who was son of Yasu-deva, and assumed his style and insignia. He was supjiorted by the king of Ka^l (Benares), but he was defeated and killed by K?-/sh?ia, and Benares was burnt. PAURAYAS. Descendants of Puru of the Lunar race. See Puru. PAYAXA. ' AVind.' The god of the wind. See A'ayu. PHALGUXA. I. A name of Arjuna. 2. Name of a month. PIYDARAKA. A watering-place on the coast of Gujarat, near Dwaraka, resorted to occasionally by K?'/sh?za. It still survives as a village, and is held in veneration. It is about twenty miles from the north-west extremity of the Peninsula. PIXGALA. I. The great authority on the Chhandas or Prosody of the Yedas. He is suj-jposed to have written about two centuries B.C. 2. Xame of one of the serpent kings some- times identified with the foregoing. PIPPALADA. a school of the Atharva-veda, founded by a snge of that name. PI6'ACHAS (mas.), PLS'ACHl (fern.). Fiends, evil spirits, PISACHA-LOKA—PITRIS. 235 placed by the Ycdas as lower than Rakshasas. The vilest and most malignant order of malevolent beings. Accounts differ as to their origin. The Brahmawa and the ]\Iaha-bliarata say that they vrere created by Brahma, together with the Asuras and Kakshasas, from the stray drops of water which fell apart from the drops out of which gods, men, gandharvas, &c., had been jn'oduced. According to Manu they sprang from the Prajapatis. In the Pura?zas they are rej^resented as the offspring of Ka.^yapa by his wife Krodhavasa, or Pi^acha, or Ivapisa. PI^"ACHA-LOKA. See Loka. PI>S'ITA>S'ANAS, PI^S'ITA^S'INS. Carnivorous and cannibal imps descended from Nikasha. PITA-MAHA. A paternal grandfather. A name of Brahma as the gTeat father of all. PiTAMBAEA. ' Clothed in yellow garments.' A name of Vish7iu. PlrHA-STHANA. ' Seat,' or lit. ' place of a seat.^ " Fifty- one places M'here, according to the Tantras, the limbs of Sati fell when scattered by her husband AS'iva, as he bore her dead body about and tore it to pieces after she had put an end. to her existence at Daksha's sacrifice. This part of the legend seems to be an addition to the original fable, made by the Tantras, as it is not in the Pura?ms. {See Dakslia.) It bears some analogy to the Egyptian fable of Isis and Osiris. At the Pi/ha-sthanas, however, of Jwala - mukhi, Vindhya - vasini. Kali - glia?', and others, temples are erected to the different forms of Devi or Sati, not to the phallic emblem of Maha-deva, which, if present, is there as an accessory, not as a jmncipal ; and the chief object of worship is a figure of the goddess — a circumstance in which there is an essential difference betw^een the temples of Durga and the shrines of Osiris." — Wilson. PITi^/S. Patres ; the fathers ; the Manes. This name is applied to three different classes of beings : — i. The IManes of departed forefathers, to whom 'pindas (balls of rice and flour) and water are offered at stated periods. 2. The ten Prajapatis or mythical progenitors of the human race. 3. " According to a legend in the Hari-vam<Ja and in the Yayu Pura?m, the first Pitris were the sons of the gods. The gods haviug offended Brahma by neglecting to worship him, were cursed by him to become fools ; but, upon their repentance, he directed them to 235 PITRIS—PITRI-PA TL apply to tlieir sons for instruction. Being tauglit accordingly the rites of expiation and penance by tlieir sons, they addressed them as fathers ; whence the sons of the gods were the first Pitris." The account given of the Pit?"is is much the same in all the PuraTzas. " They agree in distinguishing them into seven classes, three of which are without form, or composed of intel- lectual, not elementary substance, and assuming what forms they please ; and four are corjDoreal. When the Purawas come to the enumeration of the particular classes, they somewhat differ, and the accounts in all the works are singularly imperfect." The incorporeal Pitris, according to one enumeration, are the Yaira- jas, Agnishwattas, and Barhishads. The first of these seem also to be called Subhaswaras, Somasads, and Saumyas. The cor- poreal are the Su-kalas or Su-kalins, Angirasas, Su-swadlias, and Somapas. The Sukalas are also called Manasas ; the Somapas are also called Ushmapas ; the Angirasas seem also to be called Havishmats, Havirbhiijas, and Upahutas ; and the Su-swadlias are apparently the same as the Ajyapas and Kavyas or Kavyas. The Yairajas are the Manes of great ascetics and anchorites, the Agnishwattas are the Pit?