English
It con- tains 55,000 stanzas." The work is divided into five books or Kha?2t/as : — " (i.) Srish/i Kha?Z(/a, or section on creation ; (2.) Bhiimi Kha?Z(ia, on the earth ; (3.) Swarga Kha?2(ia, on heaven; (4.) Patala Kha(^a, on the regions below the earth; (5.) Uttara Khaw/a, last or supplementary chapter. There is also current a sixth division, the Kriya-yoga-sara, a treatise on the jDractice of devotion." These denominations of the various divisions convey but an imperfect and partial notion of their heterogene- ous contents, and it seems probable that the different sections are distinct works associated together under one title. There is no reason to consider any of them as older than the twelfth century. The tone of the whole Pura?za is strongly Yaish?2ava ; that of the last section especially so. In it 5'iva is represented as explain- ing to Parvati the nature and attributes of Vish7?u, and in the end the two join in adoration of that deity. A few chapters have been printed and translated into Latin by Wollheim. PAHL AVA. Name of a people. Manu places the Pahlavas among the northern nations, and perhaps the name is connected with the word Pahlavi, i.e., Persian. They let their beards grow by command of King Sagara. According to ]Manu, they were p 225 PAIJA VANA—PANCHALL Ivshatriyas wlio had become outcasts, but the Malia-bliarata says they were created from the tail of Yasish/ha's cow of fortune ; and the Kamayaria states that they sprang from her breath. They are also called Pahnavas. PAIJAYAXA. A name of the King Sudas, his j^atronymic as son of Pijavana. PAILA. A learned man who was appointed in ancient days to collect the hymns of the i^ig-veda. He arranged it in two parts, and must have been a coadjutor of Yeda Yyasa. PAKA-5'ASAXA. A name of Indra, and of Arjuna as de- scended from Indra. PALAKAPYA. An ancient sage who wrote upon medicine, and is supposed to have been an incarnation of Dhanwantari. PA]\IPA. A river which rises in the ^ishyamuka mountain and falls into the Tungabhadra below AnagundL Also a lake in the same locality. PAXCHA-CHUDA. A name of Eambha. PAXCHAJAXA. I. Xame of a demon who lived in the sea in the form of a conch-shell. He seized the son of Sandipani, under whom K?*ish?ia learnt the use of arms. KrisliTza rescued the boy, killed the demon, and afterwards used the conch-shell for a horn. 2. A name of Asamanjas (q.v.). PAXCHAJAXYA. K7-ishwa's conch, formed from the shell of the sea-demon Panchajana. PAXCHALA. Xame of a country. Prom the Malia- bhrirata it would seem to have occupied the Lower Doab ; Manu places it near Kanauj. It has sometimes been identified with the Panjab, and with " a little territory in the more immediate neighbourhood of Hastinapur." AYilson says, "A country ex- tending north and west from Dellii, from the foot of the Hima- layas to the Chambal." It was divided into Xorthern and Southern Panchalas, and the Ganges separated tliem. X^unning- ham considers Xorth Panchrda to be Rohilkliand, and South Panchala the Gangetic Doab. The capital of the former was Ahi-chhatra, wliose ruins are found near Eamnagar, and of tlie latter Kampilya, identical with the modern Kampila, on the old Ganges between Badaun and Farrukhabad. PAXCHA-LAKSHAYA. The five distinguishing character- istics of a Pura?za. See Pura?ia. PAXCHALI. DraupadI as princess of Panchrda. PANCHANANA—PAND YA. 227 • PAXCHAN'ANA. * Five-faced.' An epithet applied to A^iva. PAXCHAPSAKAS. Fame of a lake. See Manda-kami. PAXCHA-aS'IKHA. One of the earliest professors of the Sankhya philosophy. PAXCHA-TANTRA. A famous collection of tales and fables in five (pancha) books (tcmtra). It was compiled by a Brahman named Vish?zu-5arman, about the end of the fifth century a.d., for the edification of the sons of a king, and was the original of the better-known Hitopadesa. This work has reappeared in very many languages both of the East and West, and has been the source of many familiar and widely known stories. It was translated into Pahlavi or old Persian by order of Xaushirvan in the sixth century a.d. In the ninth century it appeared in Arabic as Kalila 0 Damna, then, or before, it was translated into Hebrew, Syriac, Turkish, and Greek ; and from these, versions were made into all the languages of Europe, and it became familiar in England as Pilpay's Fables (Fables of Bidj)ai). In modern Persia it is the basis of the Anwar-i Suhaili and lyar-i Danish. The latter has reappeared in Hin- dustani as the Khirad-afroz. The stories are popular through- out Hindustan, and have found their way into most of the lan- guages and dialects. There are various editions of the text and several translations. PAXCHAYATl. A place in the great southern forest near the sources of the Godavari, where Rama passed a long period of his banishment. It has been proposed to identify it with the modern Xasik, because Lakshma?ia cut off Siirpa-nakha's nose (ndsika) at Panchavati. PAXCHAVIX/S'A. See Prauc/lia Brrdima^^a. PAXCHA-Vi^/KSHA. 'Five trees.' The five trees of Swarga, named Mandara, Parijataka, Santana, Kalpa-v?*iksha, and Hari-chandana. PAXCHOPAKHYAXA. The Pancha-tantra. PAA^DAA'AS. The descendants of Fsmdii. TANBJJ. 'The pale.' Brother of Dhn'ta-rash/ra, king of Hastina-pura and father of the Pa?i(iavas or Tandu princes. See IMaha-bharata. PAJV7)YA. Tandjo., Chola, and Chera were three kingdoms in the south of the Peninsula for some centuries before and after the 228 PANINI. Christian era. Pfiw^Zya was well known to the Romans as the kingdom of King Pandion, who is said to have sent ambassadors on two different occasions to Augustus Csesar. Its capital was jMadura, the Southern Mathura. PaTZC^ya seems to have fallen under the ascendancy of the Chola kings in the seventh or eighth centur}'. PAiVIXI. The celebrated grammarian, author of the work called Pa?zinlyam. This is the standard authority on Sanskrit grammar, and it is held in such respect and reverence that it is considered to have been written by inspiration. So in old times Pawini was placed among the itishis, and in more modern days he is represented to have received a large portion of his work by direct inspiration from the god ;Siva. It is also said that he was so dull a child that he was expelled from school, but the favour of >S'iva placed him foremost in knowledge. He was not the first grammarian, for he refers to the works of several Avho preceded him. The grammars which have been Avritten since his time are numberless, but although some of them are of great excellence and much in use, Pamni still reigns suj^reme,' and his rules are incontestable. " His work," says Professor Wil- liams, " is perhaps the most original of all productions of the Hindu mind." The work is written in the form of Siitras or aphorisms, of which it contains 3996, arranged in eight (ashta) chapters {adhydya), from which the work is sometimes called Ash/adhyayi. These aphorisms are exceedingly terse and com- plicated. Special training and study are required to reach their meaning. Colebrooke remarks, that " the endless jDursuit of exceptions and limitations so disjoins the general precepts, that the reader cannot keep in view their intended connection and mutual relations. He wanders in an intricate maze, and the key of the labyrinth is continually slipping from his hand." But it has been -well observed that there is a great difference between the European and Hindu ideas of a grammar. In Europe, gram- mar has hitherto been looked upon as only a means to an end, the medium through which a knowledge of language and litera- ture is acquired. With the Vsmdii, grammar was a science ; it was studied for its own sake, and investigated with the most minute criticism ; hence, as Goldstiicker says, " Pa?i^ini's work is indeed a kii>d of natural history of the Sanskrit language." PaTiini was a native of /Salatura, in the country of Gandhara, PANTS— PARASARA. 229 west of the Indus, and so is known as /STdottariya. He is described as a descendant of PaTzin and grandson of Devala. His mother's name was Dakshi, who probably belonged to the race of Daksha, and he bears the metronymic Daksheya. He is also called Ahika. The time when he lived is uncertain, but it is supposed to have been about four centuries B.C. Goldstiicker carries him back to the sixth century, but "Weber is inclined to place him considerably later. Pacini's grammar has been printed by Bbhtlingk, and also in India. See Goldstlicker's Pdnini, his Place in Literature.^' PAiV^IS. 'Niggards.