English
"Udāharīyanti" means they are exemplified as examples, and "udāharaṇāni" means examples, and "saha udāharaṇena" means with an example, and "lakkhīyati lakkhiyamanena" means the analysis. Enumeration of Faults in Words 18. Contradictory meaning, intervening meaning, Obscure, and contradictory; Needing interpretation, requiring specification, Inferior meaning, meaningless. Enumeration of Faults in Sentences 19. Faults of words, faults of sentences, One meaning, broken rhythm; Also, scattered, ungrammatical, Deficient in pause, misplaced order; Overstated, omitted. Thus, connected and harsh, The enumeration of sentence-meaning flaws. 20. "Apakkama" is deviation, "yatihīna" is deficient in pause, "Bhaggarīti" is disrupted style, "gāmma" is rustic, "Duṭṭhālaṅkata" is badly adorned, these are flaws based on sentence meaning. Enumeration and description of word flaws. 18-19-20. Now, as promised, he enumerates the flaws, beginning with "viruddhatthantara." "Viruddhatthantaraṃ" means that which has a contradictory meaning. What is that? A word. Similarly, above, as appropriate. "Adhyatthaṃ" is that by which the meaning of the qualifier is excessive. "Neyyaṃ" means that a reason is brought in that was not stated, it is inferred. "Dosā padānaṃ" means that the flaws by which words are corrupted, these flaws, such as "viruddhatthantara," are flaws of words. Similarly, above, as appropriate. "Vākyānaṃ dosā" is the connection. "Bhaggā rīti kamo yasmiṃ taṃ bhaggarītikaṃ," the sentence in which the style is disrupted. "Apakkamatādayo vākyatthadosā," deviation and so on are flaws of sentence meaning, due to the flaws of sentence meanings. "Vākyaṃ duṭṭhaṃ siyāti," the sentence itself is qualified. Therefore, the designation is everywhere in the neuter gender. 18-19-20. Now, enumerating the flaws that were promised as things to be spoken of, he says, "viruddha…pe… nissitā." "Viruddhatthantaraṃ" is the name given to a word whose meaning is contradictory to the meaning intended by the poets. "Ajhatthaṃ" is the name given to that which causes an excess of meaning in the qualifier. "Kiliṭṭhaṃ" is the name given to that which is unclear due to the non-manifestation of the meaning intended by the poets. "Virodhi" is the name given to that which is contradictory due to the contradiction of place, time, art, and so on. "Neyyaṃ" is the name given to that which must be brought in and stated. "Visesanāpekkhaṃ" is the name given to that which attains meaningfulness only after attaining a qualifier. "Hīnatthakaṃ" is the name given to that which causes a deficiency in the qualified. "Anatthakaṃ" is the name given to that which is meaningless, these eight, being based on words, are called word flaws. "Ekatthaṃ" is the name given to the repetition of what has already been said. "Bhaggarītikaṃ" is the name given to that which has a disrupted order. Similarly, "byākiṇṇaṃ" is the name given to that which causes confusion. "Gāmmaṃ" is the name given to that which lacks distinguished speech. "Yatihīnaṃ" is the name given to that which lacks the attainment of pause. "Kamaccutaṃ" is the name given to that which is cut off from the order of words. "Ativuttaṃ" is the name given to that which is spoken exceeding common usage. "Samudāyatt Called "meaning gone," because the meaning has departed. Called "rough in construction," because joined with harsh construction, and "with rough construction," meaning associated with that. These are the names of the nine faults of sentences. Here, the word "tathā" concludes the word "dosā." Called "departed sequence," because the sequence has departed. Called "devoid of propriety," because the state of being fitting is diminished. Called "broken rhythm," because the sequence of inflections is broken. Called "doubtful," because it generates doubt. Called "rustic," because it is difficult to understand. Called "spoiled ornament," because the ornament is corrupted. These six are called "faults of sentence meaning," because they depend on sentence meaning. Another meaning is a different meaning. "Whose different meaning is contradictory" is the analysis. Even a word that reveals a fault is called a fault, because it is not separate from the fault. Even so, because the word is taken in brief, it is neuter. This is the same method for those that follow. "Whose qualifier has an additional meaning," like "soiled," is "soiled." Just as a mirror grasped with dirt is unclear in revealing faces and so on due to its own dirtiness, so a word incapable of revealing the intended meaning is called "soiled." "Contradiction exists for it" is "contradictory." "A reason is inferred, unstated, here" is "to be inferred." "For which there is a need for a qualifier." "By which the meaning of the qualifier is diminished." "Whose meaning does not exist" is the analysis. Even though the faults of words are not different, they are called "faults of words" due to the distinction of alternatives, just as "the body of a clay doll." The same method applies here as well, in "faults of sentences." "Whose meaning is one" is "single meaning." "Whose rhythm is broken" is "broken rhythm." "Scattered separately" is "scattered." "Existing in the village" is "rustic," the usage of the uneducated. Even a word that reveals that is called "rustic" by convention. "Where the pause is diminished" is "pause diminished." "Fallen from sequence" is "sequence fallen." "Said excessively" is "overstated." "Departed from meaning" is "meaning departed." "Roughness, harshness, where in the construction" is that. "From which the sequence has departed" is that. "Where propriety is diminished" is that. "Where the rhythm is broken" is that. "Existing with doubt" is that. "Rustic" is as described. "Spoiled, corrupted, ornament." How many are the embellishments therein? The meaning of the words, the analysis is: dependent on that, dependent on the meaning of the words. Here, the two faults of meaningless repetition are distinct from word and sentence, and the other two faults of broken rhythm, the two faults of vulgarity, and the two faults of misplaced sequence are distinct from sentence and meaning of the sentence. Description of Word Faults 21. That is "contradictory meaning," whose other meaning contradicts the intended meaning, as in "the clear cloud gladdens people." 21. Now, following the order of enumeration, he exemplifies the faults beginning with "contradiction" with "viruddhi," etc. "Hi" because, or "hi" in the sense of fame. The word whose other meaning, different from the intended meaning, contradicts the intended meaning, having stated this, therefore, that is defined as "contradictory meaning." He exemplifies with "as." Just as this is "contradictory meaning," so other similar ones should be seen. Not just this one, this is the meaning of the word "as." "The clear cloud gladdens people." "Visa" means water, that which gives water is "visada," the cloud, the rain-bearer, gladdens, pleases the world, this is the poet's intention. Since the word "visa" can also mean poison, the poison-giving cloud kills, it does not gladden, therefore, the word "visada" is contradictory. 21. Now, showing the characteristic and the characterized of "contradictory meaning" and the others in the order of enumeration, he says "viruddhi," etc. The word whose other meaning, different from the poet's intended meaning, contradicts the intended meaning, therefore, that word is called "contradictory meaning." "Hi" in the sense of fame. Thus, having revealed the unrevealed "contradictory meaning" by "whose other meaning contradicts the intended meaning," it operates in that revealed subject matter. Because "taṃ hī" is connected, having stated the characteristic "whose other meaning contradicts the intended meaning" as famous, the unstated, unproven "contradictory meaning" should be defined, as in "whoever has earrings, that is Devadatta." Above, famous It should be seen as an illustration by implication. The example "As...etc... people" shows the characteristic. Just as "the cloud is poisonous" etc. is an example of contradictory meaning, so too is something else like this an example of it, not just "the cloud" etc., it is said. Here, the word "as" should be seen as having the meaning of "like," an equivalent of the word "iva," for the sake of illustration, and so on above. "The cloud, the water-bearer, is poisonous, giving water known as poison, delights people," is the meaning intended by the poets. Here, because the word "poison" signifies snake poison, "poison-giving" means "poisonous," and because poison and water are common to poison, the poison-giving cloud destroys, it does not delight. Thus, the word "poison" as a qualifier of the cloud, which is the cause of happiness intended by the poet, is contradictory elsewhere, and so the word "poison" is flawed by the fault of contradictory meaning. 22. By which the qualified is more, That becomes implied; Illuminating all directions, This firefly shines. 22.Having translated that by which word the other word to be qualified is more in meaning, this is prescribed to be implied. "As" he exemplifies, "illuminating" etc. Thus, it is easily understood above. This firefly, by which all directions are illuminated, shines, gleams. Here, the illumination of all directions by the firefly is excessive, hence the excessive meaning. 22.By which qualifying word the word to be qualified is more in meaning, that word endowed with the characteristic as stated becomes implied, implied means it becomes a fault of words. As its example is thus. Illuminating all directions, this firefly, this fire-insect, shines, gleams. Here, because the illumination of all directions by the qualified firefly is implied [excessive], the qualifying word "illuminating all directions" is called the fault of the implied word. "By whom all directions are illuminated" is the analysis. 23. Whose... Hard to understand,