English
Therefore, poetry with prominent suggestion is excellent, poetry with secondary suggestion is middling, poetry without suggestion is inferior, poetry without suggestion is lifeless, so say the ancient teachers. But one should not suspect that poetry with natural description is lifeless. Because the skill of poets in worldly affairs reveals natural description itself. For he who does not know the entire state of the world, is not a poet at all. Now, here, for the understanding of such people, we will illustrate the threefold meaning, "In the lotus-like face of the sage," and so on. Here, the meaning of the word "vāṇī" is the literal meaning, counted as the true doctrine. Vāṇī is consciousness; unless divinity is attributed to it, it does not satisfy, it does not accord with one's own mind's aspiration and desire. By the power of the sentence alone, the meaning of the word "deva," through implication, is superimposed, and should be understood. Likewise, the literal meaning of the word "vadana" is "face." The meaning of the word "ambhoja" is superimposed. But by the suppression of mental agitation, through the stages of tranquility and so on, the arising of true understanding is possible. Without difficulty, through the manifestation of diverse meanings of words, the accomplishment of the desired meaning, known as the completion of the text, certainly occurs. This is the suggested meaning. Words that express it are indicative, implicative, and suggestive. Thus, everywhere, the consideration of words and meanings should be understood. Now, he says, "In verse," etc., to explain how many kinds the aforementioned structure is. This aforementioned structure, the body of the composition, is threefold, in three ways it exists, neither more nor less. How? By the distinction of verse, prose, and mixed, by the distinction of the nature of verse and so on, it exists in three ways, this is established. Therein, verse is the types of meter described in the Vuttodaya meter composed by us, the meaning of four-line stanzas, the types of meter such as the isolated verse are described. Therefore, here is their classification. Among them, a single verse with a complete meaning, self-sufficient, independent of other verses, is an isolated verse; verses mutually dependent through the giving of a single action, with complete meaning, each with incomplete meaning, are a cluster; verses with various themes, different actions, self-sufficient, arranged like a collection, are a collection; verses with different actions, proceeding as a whole to describe a single theme or defect, are a series. This fourfold type of verse should be understood as the aforementioned composition of chapters. Prose is a continuous composition without the completion of lines, beginning with "siya" and ending with "tya." Its two types are narrative and story. Mixed is a combination of verse and prose, such as plays and farces, and also Campū and Jātakamālā. 8. Now, for those desiring knowledge, the structure of the composition is dependent on figures of speech. "That composition" is assumed, like establishing Devadatta's identity by referring to the well-known earrings, "He who has earrings is Devadatta." calling it "bond" and so on. There, bond means also bondage. Faultless, devoid of flaws relating to sound and meaning, or they are devoid of these. United, having attained togetherness through mutual suitability of meaning. Sound and meaning; sound and also meaning. Thus, by the statement that "the state of such sound and meaning, which delights the wise, and is united by mutually suitable qualities," they call it "poetry." Regarding sound and meaning, why this distinction? Sound, however, in the perception of meaning, has its primary function, its indicative function, and its suggestive function, thus threefold by difference of function. Or, successively, designator, indicator, suggester, thus threefold. Likewise, meaning also is designated, indicated, suggested, thus threefold. Here, however, the designator sound, due to the fourfold nature of the principal meaning to be signified by itself, through genus, quality, action, and substance, is itself fourfold as word of genus, quality, action, and substance. The primary function of the designator word is also called "denotation." That primary function operates directly on genus, etc. For example, in "cow, blue, cook, horned," the primary function of the words cow, etc., operates only on the genus, quality, action, and substance that are attributes of the substances cow-mass, blue-cloth, cook-agent, and horned, but not on the cow-mass, etc., which are the bases of genus, etc. For it has been said: "Denotation does not reach the qualified, its power exhausted in the qualifier." Its meaning is: denotation, the primary function, its power exhausted in the qualifier, the attribute genus, etc., does not reach the qualified, the substance. If denotation does not express the cow-mass, etc., which are the bases of genus, etc., then how, in "the cow goes, the blue dwells, the cook comes, the horned runs," is the designator nature of the word cow, etc., appropriate for the cow-mass, etc., qualified by genus, etc.? When genus, qualities, etc., dependent on substance, are expressed, the substance qualified by them is implied. Because of its expressive power. But strictly speaking, its scope is only the function of pure indication. And the function of indication is twofold: pure and mixed with metaphor. Of these, the pure function of indication has as its object a meaning devoid of genus, etc. For example, in "the cow goes, the blue one stays, the cook comes, the horned one runs, the couches shout, there is noise in the Ganges," since a connection of genus, quality, action, hornedness, object, couch, Ganges, etc., with going, etc., is impossible, it disregards genus, quality, etc., and refers respectively to the mass of the cow, etc., which are the bases of going, staying, coming, running, shouting, noise, etc. But the mixed one is of many kinds due to the difference in metaphor. For example, sometimes the effect is metaphorically attributed to the cause, as in "struck by life"; here, the expression 'life' is attributed to the pot which is the cause of increasing life, as the effect. Other metaphors should be connected appropriately. For the imposition of the nature of non-identity is metaphor. Sometimes there is no distinction between cause and effect, as in "the pot is life itself." Sometimes there is a metaphor of comparison and standard, as in "the cow is a carrier of burdens." Sometimes there is no distinction between the standard and the comparison, as in "this carrier of burdens is a cow itself." Sometimes there is a metaphor of that based on its support, as in "the lampstand is a lizard, a lamp." Sometimes there is a designation of that by connection with an action, as in "even a non-carpenter is a carpenter." Sometimes there is a designation of that by association, as in "even a favorite of the king is a king." Sometimes there is a designation of the whole by a part, as in "the cloth is burnt." By this method, the difference in metaphor should be understood. The function of the suggestive nature is also called "suggestion," and the scope of that third function should be understood as being just such a sentence. Here, they say that suggestion is the life of a composition, and a composition with suggestion as its essence is excellent, and one without suggestion as its essence is middling, and a composition without suggestion is inferior. Here are some verses: The function of a word in understanding meaning, May be threefold; Primary, indicative, And also, the nature of indication, here. The first function is denotation, another name for abhidhā; The third function again is possession, another name for dhana. The primary meaning is in continuous senses, while connotation is in the hidden; Another meaning of the sentence, operates only in the meaning itself. By the division of function, the word is threefold as expressive; Connotative and suggestive, its meaning is also considered threefold. Denotative, connotative, and suggestive, thus the word is expressive; By the distinction of class, quality, action, and substance, it is fourfold. Because of the fourfold difference of the denotative meaning, from class onwards; Likewise, the connotative is considered, by the division of class, etc. Even with difference, due to the abundance of metaphor, for it; The suggestive, however, is not spoken of separately from them, due to non-difference. It should be understood thus from the example: "In the lotus-like face of the sage," in this verse, the literal meaning of the word 'face' is the denotative meaning, the attributed lotus meaning is the connotative meaning. The literal meaning of the word 'lotus' is the denotative meaning, the metaphorically attributed face meaning is the connotative meaning. The meaning of the word 'speech' is the denotative meaning, counted as the true doctrine, the attributed deity meaning is the connotative meaning. Here, wishing is the abundance of merit in the manner described, then here the prevention of unfavorable unwholesome things, and the giving of support to wholesome things, then the removal of physical and mental suffering, then the attainment of happiness, then the concentration of mind, and from that the understanding of various meanings, and from that the completion of the desired text, this meaning obtained from the power of the sentence is the suggestive meaning. Words that reveal those meanings are called denotative, connotative, and suggestive. Thus, the consideration of word and meaning should be understood. Now, he speaks of the division of the revealed composition with "verse," etc. This composition with the characteristics mentioned is threefold by the division of verse, prose, and mixed, on the basis of stanza, prose-style, and mixed of both.