English
From the roots midādi, such as mida, pada, ranja, tanu, dhā, the suffixes tti and ti occur as appropriate. That which is loved, is metti, final consonant dropped. That which is attained, is patti. Ranja in coloring, that in which it colors, is ratti. That which is extended, is tanti. That which holds, is dhāti. Pā in protecting, it protects. Vasa in dwelling, it dwells. 669. For usu, ranja, daṃsa, daṃsa becomes daḍḍha, and ḍha and ṭha. For the roots usu, ranja, daṃsa, daṃsa becomes daḍḍha, and from the remaining roots, the suffixes ḍha and ṭha occur. Usu in burning, ranja in coloring, with ḍha and ṭha suffixes, by “kvaci dhātū” etc. the final consonant is dropped, and doubled, uḍḍha, raṭṭha. Daṃsa in biting, with kvi suffix, kvi dropped, and daṃsa becomes daḍḍha, daḍḍha. 670. For sū and vusā, mū and vusā. is not. For these roots *sū*, *vu*, *asa*, *a* is substituted for their final *ū*, *u*, *a*, and the suffix *tha* is added at the end. *Sū* in the sense of harming, *satthaṃ* (weapon). *Vu* in the sense of covering, *vatthaṃ* (cloth). *Asa* in the sense of being, *attho* (meaning). But when the roots are *sasu* in the sense of harming, *vasa* in the sense of covering, *ara* in the sense of going, then the suffix *tha* is added by "*samādīhi tha mā*", the final root letter is dropped by "*kvaci dhātu*", and doubling occurs by "*vagge ghosā*". Thus, *sasati* becomes *satthaṃ*, *vasīyati* becomes *vatthaṃ*, *arīyati* becomes *attho*. 671. From *rañja*, *uda*, etc., *dha*, *da*, *idda*, *ka*, *ira* sometimes, and *ja*, *da* are dropped. From the roots *rañja*, *uda*, and so on, the suffixes *dha*, *da*, *idda*, *ka*, *ira* sometimes occur, and the final *ja* and *da* of the roots are dropped. *Rañja* in the sense of coloring, suffix *dha*, and *ja* is dropped, *randhaṃ* (hole). *Udi* in the sense of producing and moistening, with *saṃ* prefix, suffix *da*, *samuddo* (ocean), *uddo* (otter). *Khuda* in the sense of thirst, *khuddo* (hungry). *Chidi* in the sense of dividing, *chiddo* (hole). *Rudi* in the sense of harming, *ruddo* (fierce), *luddo* (fierce), *lo* is short. *Bhadi* in the sense of welfare, *bhaddo* (auspicious). *Nidi* in the sense of blame, *niddā* (sleep). *Muda* in the sense of joy, *muddā* (seal). *Dala* in the sense of distress, suffix *idda*, *daliddo* (poor). *Susa* in the sense of drying, or *suca* in the sense of sorrow, suffix *ka*, the final *ka* of the root, *sukkaṃ* (white). *Vaca* in the sense of distinct speech, or *vaka* in the sense of taking, *vakkaṃ* (kidney). *Saka* in the sense of power, *sakko* (able). *Usu* in the sense of burning, *ukkā* (torch). *Vaja* in the sense of going, suffix *ira*, that which goes unimpeded is *vajiraṃ* (diamond). *Mada* in the sense of intoxication, *madirā* (wine). Similarly, *mandiraṃ* (mansion), *rudhiraṃ* (blood), *ruhiraṃ* (blood), *ruciraṃ* (beautiful). *Badha* in the sense of binding, *badhiro* (deaf), *badhirā* (deaf woman), *badhiraṃ* (deafness), *timiro* (darkness), *timiraṃ* (darkness), *siro* (head). *Sara* in the sense of harming, *sariraṃ* (body). In *kalilaṃ*, *salilaṃ*, etc., *lo* is short. *Kuṭilo* (crooked), *kokilo* (cuckoo), etc. 672. For *hi* after *paṭi*, *heraṇa*, *hīraṇa*. For the root *hi* after *paṭi*, the substitutions *heraṇa*, *hīraṇa* occur. *Hi* in the sense of going, prefixed with *paṭi*, in the sense of going by crushing the opponent, the suffix *kvi* is added by "*kvi cā*", *kvi* is dropped, by this rule *heraṇa*, *hīraṇa* are substituted, *ṇa* is dropped, and by "*tesu vuddhī*", etc., the initial vowel of *paṭi* is lengthened, *pāṭiheraṃ* (miracle), *pāṭihīraṃ* (miracle). But when *hara* in the sense of carrying this root, then it removes the opponent, thus "pāṭihāriya" is established even by ṇya (suffix). 673. From Kaḍi and others, the suffix 'ka'. From the roots like Kaḍi, the suffix 'ka' occurs. Kaḍi in cutting, when the 'ka' suffix is applied, by "kvaci dhātu" etc., or "niggahītañca", the root with 'i' as an anubandha gets a niggahīta augment, and its elision, and the niggahīta becomes a vagganta, (resulting in) kaṇḍa (arrow), and a measure. Thus ghaṭi in striking, ghaṇṭa, or ghaṇṭā (bell). Vaṭi in turning, or vaṭi in holding, binding, collecting, vaṇṭa (stalk). Karaḍi in the sense of a vessel, karaṇḍa (basket). Maḍi in the sense of adorning, maṇḍa (cream, scum). Saḍi in the sense of a thicket, saṇḍa (thicket). Bhaḍi in the sense of goods, bhaṇḍa (goods). Paḍi in the sense of gender defect, paṇḍa (eunuch), that same paṇḍaka. Daḍi in commanding, daṇḍa (stick, punishment). Raḍi in harming, raṇḍa. Taḍi in moving, vitaṇḍa (cavil). Caḍi in the sense of fierceness, caṇḍa (fierce). Gaḍi in accumulating, gaṇḍa (boil, cheek). Aḍi in the sense of an egg, aṇḍa (egg). Laḍi in disgust, laṇḍa (excrement). Meḍi in the sense of crookedness, meṇḍa, or meṇḍaka (ram). Eraḍi in harming, eraṇḍa (castor plant). Khaḍi in cutting, khaṇḍa (piece). Madi in laughing, manda (slow, dull). Idi in supreme lordship, inda (Indra, lord). Cadi in wishing, desiring, canda (moon). Khura in cutting, khura (razor) and so on. "Ka" continues. 674. For Khāda, Ama, Gamu, (the forms are) Khandha, Andha, Gandha. For these roots Khāda, Ama, Gamu, these substitutes Khandha, Andha, Gandha occur, and the 'ka' suffix occurs. Khāda in eating, (that which) is eaten by the sufferings of samsara like birth, old age, death, thus khandha (aggregate, trunk). Ama in sickness, andha (blind). Gamu, sappa in going, gandha (smell). By the mention of 'kvaci' (sometimes), in the absence of elision, khandhaka, andhaka, gandhaka. Or, khandha in the sense of a heap. Gandha in indicating, gandha (smell) from indicating one's own support. 675. From Paṭa and others, the suffix 'ala'. From roots like Paṭa, and from nominal stems, the 'ala' suffix occurs. Aṭa, paṭa in going, in the sense of "able to cover", by this the 'ala' suffix, "si" becomes 'am', paṭala (layer), paṭalāni (layers). Likewise kala in mud, kalala (mud). Kusa in cutting, being, giving, collecting, kusala (skillful, wholesome), but when sala, lū, lā... When the root is "i", then because of the flowing of the defiled, because of the cutting of the kusa grass, or because of being cut like kusa grass, or because of being taken by kusa grass, "kusala" (skillful/wholesome) is to be understood, with the formation of the word by the suffix "a" or "ka". "Kada" in making, "kadalaṃ" (banana). "Bhaganda" in sprinkling, "bhagandalaṃ" (fistula). "Mekha" in adorning the waist, "mekhalaṃ" or "mekhalā" (girdle). "Vakka" in tree bark, "vakkalaṃ" (bark cloth). "Takka" in tree sap, "takkalaṃ" (gum). "Palla" in a low place, "pallalaṃ" (pond). "Sadda" in green, "saddalaṃ" (green grass), with elision of the latter part. "Mūla" in establishing, "mulālaṃ" (lotus root), with shortening. "Bila" in depending, "bilālaṃ" (cat). "Vida" in existing, "vidālaṃ" (splitting). "Caḍi" in fierceness, "caṇḍālo" (outcaste), with lengthening. "Vā" in going and smelling, "vālaṃ" (hair/tail). "Vasa" in covering, "vasalo" (outcaste). "Paci" in spreading, "pacalo" (spreading), "pañcālo" (Panchala), or "pañcālo" as sufficient for five kings. "Maca" in stealing, "macalo" (thief). "Musa" in stealing, "musalo" (pestle). "Gotthu" in lineage, "gotthulo" (of a lineage). "Puthu" in spreading, "puthulo" (broad). "Bahu" in counting, "bahulaṃ" (abundant), with elision of the latter part. But when "lā" is the root in taking, then "gotthulo" means one who takes a lineage. Similarly, "puthulo", "bahulaṃ". "Maṅga" in auspiciousness, "maṅgalaṃ" (auspicious). "Baha" in growth, "bahalaṃ" (dense). "Kamba" in moving, "kambalaṃ" (blanket). "Sabi" in a circle, "sambalaṃ" (provision), with insertion of nasal, or "sabalo" (spotted). "Agga" in crooked movement, "aggalaṃ" (bolt). "Maḍi" in adorning, "maṇḍalaṃ" (circle). "Kuḍi" in burning, "kuṇḍalaṃ" (earring), etc. 676. Or "puthu", "patha", "ama" for "putha". For the root "putha", the substitutions "puthu" and "patha" occur, and the suffix "ama" also occurs, or sometimes this word "vā" (or) is used. "Putha" in spreading; in the sense of "spread out", the suffix "kvi" is used; by this, "puthu" and "patha" are substitutions for "putha", and "kvi" is elided. In the feminine, the suffix "ī" is used; by the word "ca" in the rule "o sare ca" (o before a vowel and), "ava" is substituted, resulting in "puthavī", "pathavī", "padhavī", with "tha" becoming "va"; with the suffix "ama", "patha" is substituted, resulting in "pathamo". 677. "Tu" and "du" from "sasu" and so on. From the roots "sasu" and so on, the suffixes "tu" and "du" occur. "Sasu" in harming and going; with the suffix "tu", by "kvaci dhātu" (sometimes a root) and so on, the final consonant of the root becomes "ta", resulting in "sattu" (enemy). "Jana" in producing, "jattu" (lac). "Dada" in giving, "daddu" (a type of skin disease). "Ada" in eating, "a" ddu. In madness, maddu, etc. 678. From Jhādi, the suffix īvara. From the roots Ci, Pā, Dhā, etc., the suffix īvara comes. Ci (to gather), that which is gathered is cīvara (robe). Pā (to drink), that which drinks is pīvara (fat), pīna (fat). Dhā (to hold), dhīvara (fisherman). 679. From Muna, etc., the suffix i. From the roots Muna, etc., the suffix i comes, and with the word 'ca', also from nominal stems. Muna (to know), one who knows is muni (sage), by the rule of 'vā', no lengthening. Yata (to strive), one who strives is yati (ascetic). Agga (to go crookedly), aggi (fire). Pata (to go), pati (master). Suca (to purify), suci (pure). Ruca (to shine), ruci (light). Isa (to seek), one who seeks virtues like sīla is isi (sage). Ku (to sound), kavi (poet), with lengthening and substitution of 'ava'. Ru (to sound), ravi (sun), dadhi (curd), kuṭi (hut). Asu (to throw), asi (sword). Rāja (to shine), rāji (line). Gapu, sappa (to go), sappi (ghee). Acca (to worship), acci (flame). Juta (to shine), joti (light), nandi (joy), dīpi (leopard), kimi (worm), 'a' becomes 'i'. Tamu (to desire), timi (fish).