English
When there is continuous connection of time and distance with substance, quality, and action, the second case ending occurs with those words denoting time and distance. In time, for example: a week of cow's milk, a month of meat and rice, a pleasant river in autumn, the Nandana grove pleasant at all times, he studies for a month, he taught Abhidhamma for three months. In distance: a forest line for a league, a mountain a league long, he studies for a kos. Why "in continuous connection"? He eats month by month, he established monasteries league by league. 288. Connected with Kammappavacanīya. When connected with Kammappavacanīya particles and prefixes, the second case ending occurs from the noun. Those whose action is to be spoken of are Kammappavacanīya, or by another convention, anu and others are Kammappavacanīya. There, the Kammappavacanīya designation for the word anu is stated in the sense of mark, self, and inferiority. For example: they went forth after the one who went forth, Bārāṇasī is situated along the river, meaning it is bound together with the river, Sāriputta is wise after (or like) him. In the sense of mark, etc., the Kammappavacanīya designation for pati, pari, and anu is stated as "pati, pari, anu in the sense of mark, description of state, share, and pervasion." In the sense of mark: divine foods might appear at sunrise, the moon shines upon the tree, around the tree, along the tree. In the description of state: Devadatta is good towards his mother, around his mother, along his mother. In the sense of share: whatever share of this might be for me, around me, along me, let that be given. In the sense of pervasion: the word enters into every meaning, the moon shines upon every tree, around every tree, along every tree. "Abhi in the sense of share" means the Kammappavacanīya designation for abhi is stated in the sense of mark, etc., excluding share. For example: such a beautiful reputation has arisen for that venerable Gotama, Devadatta is good towards his mother. In particles: Fie on the brahmin! a hantāra miccevamādi. 289.Sometimes the second case is in the sense of the sixth. Sometimes the second case ending is in the sense of the sixth. This is in conjunction with antarā, abhito, parito, pati, paṭibhāti. Antarā ca rājagahaṃ antarā ca nāḷandaṃ addhānamaggappaṭipanno, means between Rājagaha and Nāḷanda, having entered the path. Abhito gāmaṃ vasati, parito gāmaṃ vasati, nadiṃ nerañjaraṃ pati, means near the village, near the Nerañjarā river. Paṭibhantu taṃ cunda bojjhaṅgā, upamā maṃ paṭibhāti, means Cunda, may the factors of enlightenment occur to you, a simile occurs to me, a simile arises for me. "Sometimes the second case, in the sense of" is also understood. 290.And of the third and seventh. And sometimes the second case ending occurs from a noun in the sense of the third and seventh. In the sense of the third: sace maṃ nālapissati, if you do not speak to me, tvañca maṃ nābhibhāsasi, and you do not address me, vinā saddhammaṃ kuto sukhaṃ, without the True Dhamma, whence happiness? upāyamantarena na atthasiddhi, without means, there is no success. In the sense of the seventh: in time, in the use of upa, anu, adhi, ā, and ajjhā with vas, in the use of adhi with siṭṭha and vasāna, and in tappānacāra, the second case. In time, for example: pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvā, having dressed in the forenoon, ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā, at one time the Blessed One. Imaṃ rattiṃ cattāro mahārājāno, this night the four great kings. In the use of the root vas preceded by upa, anu, adhi, ā, and ajjhā: gāmaṃ upavasati, dwells near the village, gāmaṃ anuvasati, dwells after the village, vihāraṃ adhivasati, dwells in the monastery, gāmaṃ āvasati, dwells in the village, agāraṃ ajjhāvasati, dwells in the house. Similarly, pathaviṃ adhisessati, lies on the ground, gāmaṃ adhitiṭṭhati, stands over the village, gāmaṃ ajjhāvasati, dwells in the village. In tappānacāra: nadiṃ pivati, drinks the river, gāmaṃ carati, walks the village, etc. In what sense is the third case? 291.In the instrument, the third case. In the instrumental case, the third case ending occurs. What is an instrument? 292.That by which an action is performed is an instrument. That object by which the agent performs an action without interruption, as an instrument, or by which he changes, or by which he attains, that kāraka is called an instrument. It is an instrument because it is performed by it. And even though all kārakas are means of accomplishing an action, the specific statement "that by which an action is performed" is for the purpose of taking only the most effective among the kārakas that serve as instruments for the agent. And it has been said: "By which, with all distinctions, the action the cause of accomplishment; It is said, "That which is produced is called the agent." That, however, is of two kinds: internal and external. For example: he performs an action with his hand, he sees a form with his eye, having understood a phenomenon with his mind. He reaps rice with a sickle, he burns a hut with fire. "The third case" is the heading. 293. And in the agent. And in the agent, from the nominal stem, the third case ending occurs. By the inclusion of "ca" (and), the third case also occurs in the sense of a distinguishing mark, in the completion of an action, in conjunction with words meaning "before," "similar," "equal," "quarrel," "skillful," "mixed," "friendly," etc., in time and space, and in the sense of the nominative, objective, and fifth case, etc. And who is the agent? 294. He who acts is the agent. He who performs an action, being self-reliant, is called the agent. He is of three kinds: independent agent, causative agent, and passive agent. Among these, he who performs an action himself is the independent agent. He who directs another capable but inactive agent to act is the causative agent, for example: Devadatta is capable of going, another directs him, "He makes Devadatta go." But where Devadatta goes here and there, and another directs him, "He makes Devadatta go," this is an example of the causative sense, and it should be understood as being stated by way of showing capability. Otherwise, if he goes by himself, what is the purpose of the director's activity there? And things like "he makes an inactive one act by force," "he makes a stone rise," would not be accomplished. Here, however, "Agent" is understood. 293. He who causes to act is the cause. He who causes an agent to act is called the causative agent, and also the agent, i.e., the causative agent. But he who, being dependent on another's action and being in the position of an object, yet appears to accomplish it himself due to its ease, is called the passive agent, for example: a mat is made by itself, rice is cooked by itself. And it is said: "The agent who, being self-reliant, produces an action; whether unprompted or prompted, is called the agent. He is called the causative agent, who is the director of the agent; He is called the passive agent, who, being an object, is easy to act upon." is lost. But how can that which did not exist before be the agent of the act of coming into being in phrases like "conjunction arises"? It is said – indeed, the use of words is established by worldly convention, for people speak, taking even what does not exist as if it exists for the purpose of being denoted by words; for it is indeed the form grasped by conceptual thought that is denoted by a word, not the intrinsic nature of a thing. Otherwise, there would be the implication of realizing the intrinsic nature of a thing even by knowledge based on hearing, as if by direct perception, and the implication of the non-existence of false speech, wrong views, and so on. Therefore, since the use of words occurs even by way of conceptually constructed designations, even for non-existent conjunctions and so on, there is indeed the agentive case for the act of coming into being. As it is said: A word is an object of convention, not exclusively ultimate reality; Meaning conceived by the mind, is called its meaning. Because it is grasped by the mind, 'conjunction arises' thus; The conjunction, as if existing, becomes the agent of arising. There, the instrumental case: the Dhamma taught by the Conqueror, Mara conquered by the Buddha, the man bitten by the snake, the world enlightened by the Buddha, the monastery caused to be built by the faithful. It does not occur when expressed. Devadatta makes a mat, or causes it to be made. In the sense of 'characterizing a state of being': She caused her neighbours to complain because of her broken head and flowing blood. With a bowl lacking five fastenings, he should acquire another new bowl. He saw the wanderer with a triple staff. In the sense of 'completion': He went to Benares in just one day. He completed the monastery in nine months. The grammar was learned in a yojana's distance. Completion of action means the swift completion of an action. In connection with 'before' and similar words: earlier by a month, similar to the father, equal to the mother, lacking by a kahāpaṇa, deficient in wealth, a quarrel with a sword, skillful in conduct, skillful in speech, mixed with jaggery, mixed with sesame, friendly in speech, purpose with a jewel, purpose with wealth, equal to the father. In terms of time and distance: He eats in a month. He goes by a yojana. In the sense of 'self': He himself appoints himself. In the sense of 'object': He sows the field with sesame seeds. in the sense of 'by means of' - We are freed by that Great Ascetic. 296. And in the sense of 'together with'. With 'saha', 'saddhiṃ', 'samaṃ', 'nānā', 'vinā', 'alaṃ', 'kiṃ' and so on, when there is connection, the third case ending comes from the noun, and by the word 'ca', also in the sense of 'together with'. There, the connection with the word 'saha' can occur in action, quality, substance, and inherence. For example -