English
The seventh case is for location, it is also divided into two, "smiṃ" and "su"; The eighth case is for address, it is "siyo" and "yeva," thus fourteen. Each of those cases, is combined with two numbers; "Being" here should be understood, that meaning is called substance. He who acts is the agent, that which he acts upon is the object; That by which he acts, is called the instrument. To whom he gives or pleases, that is considered the recipient; From which fear arises, that is called the ablative. To whom a group is dependent, that indeed is taught as 'master'; In which one performs an action, that is called 'place'. What object one addresses, that is called 'addressing'; Making one face by sound, or for one who exists. Without the meaning of addressing, the arising of the first case, etc., in the meanings of gender, etc., should be understood as stated by way of indication. Herein, this grammatical characteristic should be understood: In the meaning of the self, the first case occurs; in the meaning of use, the second case occurs; in the meaning of instrument, the third case occurs; in the meaning of giving, the fourth case occurs; in the meaning of separation, the fifth case occurs; in the meaning of possession, the sixth case occurs; in the meaning of ground, the seventh case occurs; in the meaning of addressing, the eighth case occurs. Therein, the summary: Self and use, instrument, giving; Separation, possession, ground, addressing the eighth. Therein, the meaning of the self is the meaning of indicating the own nature of feminine, masculine, and neuter, existing in the determination of the three genders. The meaning of use is the meaning of explaining what is connected to that by whoever does what. The meaning of instrument is the meaning of explaining that which causes or produces it. The meaning of giving is the meaning of explaining the giving of it. The meaning of separation is the meaning of explaining its departure from that. The meaning of possession is the meaning of explaining its owner. The meaning of ground is the meaning of explaining its foundation. The meaning of addressing is the meaning of explaining its addressing. Having thus known, the usages should be applied by one who is not confused. Being, producer, existence, non-existence, state, non-existence, own nature, true nature, origin, source, power, experience, majesty, decline, prosperity, manifestation, appearance, disappearance, separation, well-being, existence, non-existence – these are masculine words ending in 'o'. Conqueror, despiser, experiencer, one who fully experiences, cultivator, one who experiences in return – these are masculine words ending in 'ā'. aṃ, defeat, disgrace, overcoming, experiencing, fully experiencing, re-experiencing, origin, non-origin—these are masculine nouns ending in 'aṃ'. Dhanabhūti, siribhūti, sotthibhūti, suvatthibhūti—these are masculine nouns ending in 'i'. Bhāvī, vibhāvī, sambhāvī, paribhāvī—these are masculine nouns ending in 'ī'. Sayambhū, pabhū, abhibhū, vibhū, adhibhū, patibhū, gotrabhū, vatrabhū, parābhibhū, rūpābhibhū, saddābhibhū, gandhābhibhū, rasābhibhū, phoṭṭhabbābhibhū, dhammābhibhū, sabbābhibhū—these are masculine nouns ending in 'ū'. Here, these six kinds of masculine nouns derived from the root 'bhū' have been pointed out. A masculine noun ending in 'u' derived from the root 'bhū' is not common, but a masculine noun ending in 'u' derived from other roots is common, such as "bhikkhu, hetu." With these, there are seven kinds of masculine nouns. All of these should be understood as masculine by their very nature. Here, the word 'satta' (being), which denotes meaning, should also be understood as necessarily masculine. But those other words like 'bhūta', 'parābhūta', 'sambhūta', etc., which are found in the excellent teachings and are of indeterminate gender because they can be applied in all three genders, such as "the dhamma that has come to be (masculine), the kind of dhamma that has come to be (feminine), the kind of dhamma that has come to be (neuter)"—we shall include these in the definite masculine nouns and present them, by combining them with various prefixes and particles, to generate skill in the construction of words and in grasping subtle meanings for the discerning. For example: Bhūta, parābhūta, sambhūta, vibhūta, pātubhūta, āvibhūta, tirobhūta, vinābhūta, bhabba, paribhūta, abhibhūta, adhibhūta, addhabhūta, anubhūta, samanubhūta, paccanubhūta, bhāvita, sambhāvita, vibhāvita, paribhāvita, anuparibhūta, paribhavitabba, paribhotabba, paribhavanīya, abhibhavitabba, abhibhotabba, abhibhavanīya, adhibhavitabba, adhibhotabba, adhibhavanīya, anubhavitabba, anubhotabba, anubhavanīya, samanubhavitabba, samanubhotabba, samanubhava To be led, to be experienced back, to be experienced back, to be experienced back, to be developed, to be developed, to be brought about, to be brought about, to be made clear, to be made clear, to be pervaded, to be pervaded, while becoming, while ceasing to be, while despising, while overcoming, while experiencing, while fully experiencing, while experiencing back, experiencing, fully experiencing, experiencing back, becoming, fully becoming, developing, bringing about, making clear, pervading, being despised, being despised, being overcome, being overcome, being experienced, being experienced, being fully experienced, being fully experienced, being experienced back, being experienced back— these are gender-included words in fixed masculine genders. Thus, six kinds of masculine words derived from the root 'bhū' are shown, starting with those ending in 'o'. This is an enumeration of examples in the masculine gender. Developer, development, explanation, esteem, pervasion— these are feminine words ending in 'ā'. Earth, prosperity, splendor. These are feminine words ending in 'i'. Abundance, prosperity, existence, explaining, fully explaining, esteeming, appearing, appearing, despising, despising, overcoming, overcoming, mastering, mastering, experiencing, experiencing, fully experiencing, fully experiencing, experiencing back, experiencing back, fully becoming, fully becoming— these are feminine words ending in 'ī'. Being, non-being. These are feminine words ending in 'ū'. Here, four kinds of feminine words derived from the root 'bhū' are enumerated. A feminine word ending in 'u' derived from the root 'bhū' is not well-known. However, a feminine word ending in 'u' derived from another root is well-known, such as "element, cow." With that, there are five kinds of feminine words. Or, if the word 'go' (cow) ending in 'o' is considered feminine, then with that, there are six kinds. All of these are to be understood as feminine by nature. Here also, words of uncertain gender like 'bhūta', 'parābhūta', 'sambhūta', etc., when used in the feminine gender... are used. How? Bhūtā, parābhūtā, sambhūtā, all should be taken in detail, excluding the nine words like "anubhonto, samanubhonto" and so on. For those are formed with the ending -ī. These are genders included among fixed genders. Thus, four kinds of feminine genders, made from the root 'bhū', are explained, starting with the ending -ā. This is a presentation of examples in the feminine gender. Being, great element, becoming, world, existence, decline, arising, development, manifestation, appearance, disappearance, separation, well-being, contempt, overcoming, dominating, experiencing, fully experiencing, experiencing in return – neuter gender ending in niggahīta. Explaining meaning, explaining doctrine – neuter gender ending in -i. Lineage-attainer, arising with consciousness, not arising with consciousness – neuter gender ending in -u. All these should be understood as neuter gender by their very nature. Here, the word 'bhūta', which denotes a living being or form, should also be understood as necessarily neuter gender. Here too, words of indeterminate gender like 'bhūta', 'parābhūta', 'sambhūta', and so on, are used in the neuter gender. How? Being, declined, arisen, developed. (and so on). Fully experiencing, experiencing in return, experiencing, experiencing, fully experiencing, fully experiencing, experiencing in return, experiencing in return, arising, arising, fully arising, fully arising, appearing, appearing, despising, despising, overcoming, overcoming, dominating, dominating, developing, fully developing, distinguishing, despising, being despised, being despised. (and so on). Being experienced in return, being experienced in return – these are genders included among fixed neuter genders. Thus, three kinds of neuter genders, made from the root 'bhū', are explained, starting with the niggahīta ending. This is an example in the neuter gender. The statement, thus, the three genders, masculine and so on, are declared as being made of the element 'bhū'. Here, "me" and "saddhā" mean: Whatever words are revealed, Those should be sought out In the Pāli regions by the discerning. O, ā, bindu, i, ī, u, ū-ending, standing in seven ways; Are declared by grammarians As masculine distinctions. Ā, i-vowel, and u-vowel, five endings in form; Are to be understood as feminine distinctions, Or six with the o-ending. Bindu, i, u - these endings, three are to be known by the discerning; Are declared by grammarians As neuter distinctions. Seven endings in the masculine, five or six in the feminine; Three in the neuter, thus, Ten, five, and six ways. Because here, words like "bhūto" and so on, when spoken to explain the meaning of the term, as supporting statements for the meaning, and as synonymous terms, become clear and easily understood; therefore, we will explain their meanings and so on, as far as possible, to generate satisfaction for the wise and to enable listeners to attain sharper understanding of the meanings. Among these, "bhūto" means 'one who exists by the manifestation of aggregates', this is the definition.