English
After the action (root), `ṇva` and similar suffixes frequently occur. (Examples:) Beautiful, wood. 69. Of `kha`, `cha`, `sa` (suffixes), the first vowel (syllable) is reduplicated. Of the action (roots) ending in `kha`, `cha`, `sa` suffixes, the first vowel (syllable) of the sound form is reduplicated. (Examples:) Endurance, disgust, investigation. 70. And in the perfect tense. In the perfect tense, the first vowel (syllable) of the sound form is reduplicated. (Example:) He went. The particle `ca` has the meaning of non-omission, therefore elsewhere too, according to tradition. He abandons, ought to be abandoned, he abandoned. flames, it shines, it walks. 'Greedy, bewildered' are the words for 'self' in this and similar passages. 71. From initial vowels. Initial vowels, when forming a reduplication, become two. It hisses, what is meant by 'from initial'? He awoke. What is meant by 'vowels'? He cooked. 72. Not again. That which is reduplicated, does not become reduplicated again. He will endure, he will loathe. 73. As desired for those with 'syā'. For a word ending in 'syā', an initial vowel or another, as appropriate, becomes reduplicated as desired. He wishes to have a son, he wishes to have a son, he wishes to have a son. 74. Shortening of the former. In reduplication, the vowel of the former part becomes short. He gives. 75. Elision of the non-initial consonant. In reduplication, the consonant of the former part, other than the initial, is elided. It hisses. 76. 'I' for 'a' before 'kha', 'cha', 'sa'. In reduplication, the 'a' of the former part becomes 'i' before 'kha', 'cha', 'sa'. He wishes to drink, he wishes to eat. What is meant by 'before kha, cha, sa'? He abandons. What is meant by 'a'? He wishes to be hungry. 77. 'I' for 'u' of 'gup'. In reduplication, the 'u' of 'gup' in the former part becomes 'i' before 'kha', 'cha', 'sa'. He loathes. 78. Third and first for fourth and second. In reduplication, the fourth and second consonants of the former part become third and first respectively. He wishes to be hungry, he cut. 79. Palatals for gutturals. In reduplication, the gutturals of the former part become palatals respectively. He was angry, he abandons. 80. 'Vī' for 'mā' and 'maṃ' for the latter. In reduplication, 'vī' for 'mā' of the former part, and 'maṃ' for the latter. He investigates. 81. 'Ti' or 'ci' for 'kit' in doubt. When doubt is expressed, 'ti' or 'ci' for 'kit' of the former part in reduplication. He treats, he treats. What is meant by 'in doubt'? He doubts. 82. 'E' and 'o' for 'i' and 'u' before a suffix. For verbs ending in 'i' or 'u', they become 'e' and 'o' respectively before a suffix. To be built, to be led, to be heard, to be. 83. For a light penultimate. For a light penultimate 'i' or 'u', they become 'e' and 'o' respectively. To be sought, to be praised. What is meant by 'light'? Smoked. What is meant by 'penultimate'? He obstructs. 84. 'Ā' for 'a' before a 'ṇa' suffix. When a suffix with 'ṇa' as an anubandha follows, the penultimate 'a' becomes 'ā'. ti. Agent. 85. Not those in the suffixes of kā and the augmentations. Those do not have the suffixes of kā and the augmentations. To be collected, to collect, to be heard, to hear, to be reached, to reach, to be shaken, to shake, shaking, to be shaken, to cause to shake, to shake, to cause to shake, shaking, causing to shake, shakes, causes to shake, to be satisfied, to satisfy, satisfaction, to satisfy, satisfies, hears, hears, hurts, abandons, to be sent, to send, sending. 86. Or sometimes. Those sometimes do not occur in the suffixes of kā and the augmentations. Rejoiced, cried, wept. 87. Elsewhere too. Elsewhere too, apart from the suffixes of kā and the augmentations, they sometimes occur. Thrower, remover, killer. 88. Pye for sissa. Sissa becomes ā in the pyādese, nissāya. 89. E, o, na, ma, ya, va before a vowel. When a vowel follows, e, o, na, ma, ya, va become aya, avā. Victory, existence, what does it remember? Conquers, experiences. 90. Āyā, vā with ṇ-suffix. E, o become āyā, vā before a vowel with a ṇ-suffix. Causes to lead, causes to be, in 'sayāpetvā' and so on, it is shortened. 91. Ā, ssā, ṇā, pimhi, yuka. For a verb ending in ā, yuka occurs when there is a ṇ-suffix, but not when it is ṇāpi. Giver, only with ṇ-suffix? Giving, what if not ṇāpi? Causes to give. 92. Sometimes for padādi. Yuka sometimes occurs for padādi. To be lain down, to lie down, lying down, to be negligent, to be negligent, negligence, what if sometimes? Foot. 93. Maṃ or sometimes for rudhādi. Sometimes maṃ or occurs for rudhādi. To obstruct, to be obstructed, what if only sometimes? Obstruction. 94. Loss of final consonant in kvimhi. The final consonant is lost in kvimhi. The refectory (where food is eaten or taken). 95. Assimilation of final consonant to a non-y-consonant. The final consonant of verbs is assimilated to a consonant other than ya. To be broken, what if a consonant? To be broken, what if not ya? Is broken. 96. Niggahīta for ma and na. Ending in ma or na. The 'n' of verbs becomes a nasal sound when followed by a vowel or a consonant. Gantabbaṃ, jaṅghā, is it only when followed by a consonant? Gamanaṃ, is it only when followed by a vowel? Gamyate. 97. Not of Brū. The 'o' of Brū does not occur before a consonant. Brūmi, is it only before a consonant? Abravi. 98. Ka and Ga for Ca and Ja, when followed by a nasal. When followed by a nasal, Ka and Ga occur in order for verbs ending in Ca and Ja. Vākyaṃ, bhāgyaṃ. 99. Ghāta for Han, when followed by 'ṇa'. Ghāta occurs for Han when followed by 'ṇa'. Āghāto. 100. Gha for 'pari', 'pacca', 'sama', 'oha' in 'kvi'. Gha occurs for 'han' after 'pari' etc. in 'kvi'. Paligho, paṭigho, aghaṃ (shortened by rule), saṅgho, ogho. 101. Gha for 'para' in 'se'. In reduplication, Gha occurs for 'han' after 'para' in 'se'. Jighaṃsā. 102. Gī for 'ji' and 'hara'. In reduplication, Gī occurs for 'ji' and 'tara' after 'para' in 'se'. Vijigīsā, jigīsā. 103. Ha for Dhā. In reduplication, Ha occurs for 'dhā' after 'para'. Dahati. 104. Long vowel for Dus in 'ṇi'. A long vowel occurs for Dus in 'ṇi'. Dusito. Why 'ṇi'? Duṭṭho. 105. For Guh, before a vowel. A long vowel occurs for Guh before a vowel. Nigūhanaṃ. Why 'before a vowel'? Guyhaṃ. 106. And for Muha, Baha, and Guh, before 'ta' and 'ka'-affixes, excluding 'tvā'. A long vowel occurs for Muha, Baha, and Guh, before 'ta'-initial 'ka'-affixes, excluding 'tvāna' and 'tvā'. Mūḷho, bāḷho, gūḷho. Why 'ta'? Muyhati. Why 'ka'-affix? Muyhitabbaṃ. Why 'excluding tvā'? Muyhitvāna, muyhitvā. This rule 'te kānubandhe-tve' extends up to "sāsassa sisve" - 117. 107. For Vah, 'u'. A long 'u' occurs for Vah, before 'ta' and 'ka'-affixes, excluding 'tvāna' and 'tvā'. Vuṭṭho. 108. For Dhā, 'hi'. 'Hi' occurs for Dhā (meaning 'to hold'), before 'ta' and 'ka'-affixes, excluding 'tvāna' and 'tvā'. Nihito, nihitavā. 109. Elision of the final for Gam and others, and for those ending in 'ra'. Elision of the final occurs for Gam and others, and for those ending in 'ra', before 'ta' and 'ka'-affixes, excluding 'tvāna' and 'tvā'. Gato, khato, hato, mato, tato, saññato, rato, kato. Why 'ta' only? Gamyate. Why 'ka'-affix only? Gantabbaṃ. Why 'excluding tvā' only? Gantvāna, gantvā. 110. Or 'va', 'su', 'ṭa' for Vac and others. Of Vac, etc., of 'va', or 'uṭ' occurs when 'ka' is an anubandha, and 'tve'. Spoken, said, risen, rained. What about 'tve'? Having said, having said. 111. Let it be. Of Vac, etc., 'u' occurs when 'ka' is an anubandha, and 'sve'. Spoken, rained. 112. Of Vaddh, or. Of Vaddh, of 'a', or 'u' occurs when 'ka' is an anubandha, and 'tve'. Grown, grown. What about 'tve'? Having grown, having grown. How is 'vuttī'? "Vuttīmatte" (is formed) by nipātana in 3-69. 'vattī' would be according to the rule. 113. Of Yaj, of 'ya', 'ṭiyī'. Of Yaj, of 'ya', 'ṭiyī' occurs when 'ka' is an anubandha, and 'tve'. Sacrificed, worshipped. What about 'tve'? Having sacrificed, having sacrificed. 114. Of Ṭhā, 'si'. Of Ṭhā, 'si' occurs when 'ka' is an anubandha, and 'tve'. Stood. What about 'tve'? Having stood, having stood. 115. Of Gā and Pā, 'ī'. Of Gā and Pā, 'ī' occurs when 'ka' is an anubandha, and 'tve'. Sung, drunk. What about 'tve'? 'yāgamo' is always for 'gāyitvā'. But for 'pā', 'pītvā' is by the rule of frequent occurrence. 116. Of Jani, 'ā'. Of Jani, 'ā' occurs when 'ka' is an anubandha, and 'tve'. Born. What about 'tve'? Having generated. 117. Of Sās, 'sisa' or. Of Sās, 'sisa' or occurs when 'ka' is an anubandha, and 'tve'. Taught, weapon/teaching, pupil, teacher. What about 'tve'? Having instructed. 118. Of Kar, 'ā' in 'tave'. Of Kar, 'ā' occurs in 'tave'. To do. 119. In 'tuṃ', 'tuna', 'tabba', or. In 'tum', etc., or 'ā' occurs for 'kar'. To do, to do. Having done, having done. Ought to be done, ought to be done. 120. Of Ñā, 'ja' in 'na'. Of the root Ñā, 'jā' occurs in 'na'. To know, knowing. What about 'na'? Known. 121. Of Sak and Pā, 'kuka' and 'kū' in 'ṇa'. Of Sak and Pā, 'kuka' and 'ku' are these augmentations in 'ṇa'. Being able, reaching. Is able, reaches. What about 'ṇa'? Is able, causes to reach. 122. From Ni, of 'ci', 'cho'. From Ni, of the following 'ci', 'cho' occurs. Certainty. 123. Of Jara and Sada, 'īma' or. Of Jara and Sada, after the final vowel, 'īma' occurs optionally. Aging, ages, causes to age. Ought to sit, sitting, to sit, sits. What about 'vā'? Old age, sitting. "īma or" by rule division for others too. Ahīratha, and deletion of 'ttha' etc. after a conjunct. 124. Of Dis, 'passa', 'dassa', 'dasa', 'da', 'dakkhā'. Dis There are various ways of seeing. Insight, to see, he sees, good-looking, dear-looking, dhamma-looking, well-seen, seeing, he shows, to be seen. Having seen, to see, difficult to see, he saw, he saw, he saw, he saw, he will see, what then? Fools are seen. 125. Similar in the rīrikkha words.