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having made it a body. It is said, having made it with substance and material. "Mind-made, mind-created" means, like forms seen in a dream, made by mind, created by mind. Why is ultimate reality called "accomplished by its own nature"? He said "because it is" and so on. By "existence," in the sense of the root 'as', it is said to be established as existing. By faith and wisdom, because it is to be known, because it is to be approached, they say it exists. "Otherwise" means, because it is accomplished by conception. "Supreme" means, superior. Therefore he said, "having reached excellence." By this, he states the meaning of "supreme" as superior. Now, to show its ultimate meaning, "furthermore" and so on is said. There, in this Buddha's teaching, there are five great duties of the teaching: the full comprehension of phenomena to be fully comprehended. The full understanding of phenomena to be fully understood. The abandoning of phenomena to be abandoned. The realization of phenomena to be realized. The development of phenomena to be developed. There, all ultimate realities are called "to be fully comprehended." The phenomena of the truth of suffering are called "to be fully understood." The phenomena of the truth of origin are called "to be abandoned." And the fruits of recluseship, and Nibbāna, are called "to be realized." The phenomena of the truth of the path are called "to be developed." In those phenomena, for the accomplishment of those duties, in this teaching. The work of the Dispensation is accomplished. It reaches its conclusion. And those very phenomena, because they do not obstruct and do not deceive the works of the Dispensation of such a kind, are called ultimate realities in the highest sense. To show this meaning, it is said, "Moreover," and so on. There, "those" means those people. "This" means this phenomenon. "Of that" is connected to: of that which is to be fully known, of that which is to be fully understood, of that which is to be abandoned, of that which is to be realized, of that which is to be developed. The explanation of ultimate realities is finished. "That is not beautiful" means not beautiful in expression. Not only is it not beautiful in expression, but it is also not beautiful in meaning. Indeed, the Four Noble Truths are within the scope of even the knowledge of Paccekabuddhas. But the five knowable phenomena are only within the scope of Omniscient Knowledge. There, the Four Noble Truths are indeed ultimate realities. But the five knowable phenomena are all ultimate realities together with all concepts. For Omniscient Buddhas, the full enlightenment to the Four Noble Truths is accomplished together with conceptualization. For Paccekabuddhas, the enlightenment to the Four Noble Truths is not accomplished together with conceptualization. Therefore, they are unable to extract the Four Noble Truths, which they have themselves penetrated, into concepts and teach them to others. Their enlightenment to the Four Noble Truths is like a mute person's dream, as stated in the commentaries. Therefore, it can be said that only the five knowable phenomena, together with concepts, are within the scope of Omniscient Knowledge. The explanation of the term 'ultimate reality' is finished. 13. In the meaning of the word 'citta' (mind). It is not obtained without an object. When it is said "it thinks," what does it think? It thinks an object. Thus, it is impossible without a verbal object that serves as the object. Therefore, here it should be understood as 'thinking'. Therefore, it should be understood that its name is established. This is the connection. In "knowledge born of hearing" and "knowledge born of thinking," there is also thinking about the actual nature of the object, which is wisdom itself. To prevent this, it is said, "the apprehension of the object (etc.) itself." Citta, mano, māṇasa, viññāṇa, all... the name of consciousness. It is bound by the object condition. It is not bound by other conditions. Nor is the name obtained by other conditions. To show that it does not indicate another meaning, namely, the understanding of an object of such a kind, it is said, "even when they exist," and so on. "By this" — to show that this refers to the instrumental case, which is exceedingly helpful in the agent's action — it is said, "for that," and so on. In "mere thinking," the word "mere" means the exclusion of a specific meaning. By that, it shows the excluded meaning by "all of them," and so on. "Or a body" means the physical body. Dependent on conditions are "condition-dependent." "Dependent" means connected. "Occurring" is occurrence. Or arising or existing. "Whose occurrence is dependent on conditions" means "condition-dependent in occurrence." "By strength," and so on, are synonyms. "Only one verbal noun is primarily obtained" — this is said with reference to the mere state of action of those phenomena. But even though they are mere actions, those phenomena exist in a state based on various conditions, or exist in a state produced by various conditions. Therefore, the obtaining of other cases, as appropriate, is not prevented even in ultimate realities. Otherwise, how could the verbal noun be appropriate in "root condition," "object condition," "co-nascent condition," "support condition," and so on? "Primarily" means chiefly. "Making a distinction of the non-distinction of thinking" — this is said with reference to the agentive case, "it thinks, therefore it is consciousness." "Of the stone-child" refers to the grinding stone for medicinal roots. It has no separate body as a distinct part. Even though it is undivided, it is spoken of as "the body of the stone-child" by making a distinction. This "making a distinction of the non-distinction" is an unreal form. It should be said when there is a purpose, and not said when there is none, so it says, "and making it so," and so on. Therein, "of what is conceived by others" means what is thought out by others, by other sectarians. "If there is... and so on... a conception" means if the self It thinks, the self thinks, therefore the self is called mind, and so on, should be said. It should not be said that 'it thinks' is mind, because mind is merely an action. But there is no agent like a self. Therefore, making merely the action the agent, it is said, "it thinks, that is mind." Thereby it is understood that in the world there is no agent like a self. This is said to be the purpose of conceiving distinction in the undifferentiated. "Self-predominant" means being oneself the chief, oneself the elder, among many factors in the instrumental case. "That state of agency" means the state of agency established in the world. "Again, the state of instrumentality" means again, the state of instrumentality established in the world. Thus, having shown the etymological meaning of mind, now, showing its conventional meaning, he says, "Moreover, here..." Just as these creatures born as animals are varied in mind. Thus, mind is varied; any other thing that exists, I do not see even one such group. "Group" means a collection of living beings. "Instrumental case in the sense of ablative" means the instrumental case in the sense of the ablative. By this, he means "from that moving, from the mind." In the verse: "That very nature" means the nature of knowing, touching, and so on, like the heat of fire. "The taste of accomplished function" means the function to be performed by that very phenomenon, and the quality of accomplishment obtained by performing that function. Like the function of cooking a substance by fire, and like the quality of illuminating. "The aspect to be grasped" means the flag-like aspect of that very phenomenon, to be grasped by knowledge. It is called the taste of accomplishment. "Or the fruit" means also the resultant fruit, like the smoke of fire. "Proximate cause" means the cause that produces the fruit immediately after it, like the person who makes fire. "Able" means capable. "Of keen intellect" means of a wise person endowed with special wisdom. "The taste of being a forerunner" means the primary taste-function in apprehending an object. "The manifestation of connection" means the manifestation of continuous occurrence. "Name and form..." "Basis" means the name of contact, etc., and the physical basis for consciousness. The description of consciousness is finished. 14. "Existing in the mind" means appearing in the mind. "By this they are accomplished" is the connection. "That is the very birth of contact, etc. Whatever is the aging of consciousness, that is the very aging of contact, etc." —it should be connected in this way. "Bound by one stalk" means bound by one stalk-stem. "Bound by one birth, etc." means bound by the story of one birth, etc. "If" means "if it should be said." "Not" means "it should not be said." In the verse: "Phenomena" means phenomena of the mental aggregates. "By the mind itself" means by the mind acting as agent itself. "Made" means brought into being. "Created" means produced. "Are indeed actions of the mind" means the mind, knowing the object, knows by generating the mode of contact. That mode of contact is called contact. But all other mental factors arise dependent on contact. Contact is the cause, contact is the condition for the aggregate of feeling, for the aggregate of perception, and for the aggregate of mental formations, it is indeed said. Even so, because they have consciousness as their root and are dependent on consciousness, those phenomena are indeed actions of the mind. "By this" means by this verse-line. But the explanation explains by means of mere singleness of object. The complete mental factors will be explained by the Elder himself later on —this is the intention. But here, because it is a place for explaining the meaning of words, it is proper to explain with complete factors, it is said, "That is not good." "On a basis" means on a canvas, wall, etc.