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Thus, the Past Tense. Present Tense Now the Present Tense is explained. 587. In the past, ī, uṃ, o, ttha, iṃ, mhā, ā, ū, se, vhaṃ, aṃ, mhe [ka. 419; rū. 469; nī. 887]. 'Abhavī' means 'was', the meaning is 'past'. After the verb stem, in past time, ī and so on occur. 588. Of a, ī, ssā, ssati and so on, the consonant becomes 'iu' [ka. 516; rū. 466; nī. 1030; caṃ. 1.2.76; pā. 3.2.110 aīssaādīnaṃ byañjanassiu (bah At the beginning of a consonant, i or u occurs for A-initial, I-initial, Ssa-initial, and Sati-initial. By this (word) 'of the consonant', the twelve pure vowel inflections (five in A-initial, seven in I-initial) are excluded. By the rule 'Āīssādīsvaña vā', the letter 'a' optionally occurs at the beginning of a root. He was, he was, they were, they were, you were, you were, you (pl.) were, you (pl.) were, I was, I was, we were, we were, he was, he was, they were, they were, you were, you were, you (pl.) were, you (pl.) were, I was, I was, we were, we were. By 'Āīū' and so on, the shortening of ī, mhā, ā, ū – he was, he was, we were, we were, he was, he was, they were, they were. 589. Of Eyyātha, Ssa, A, Ā, Ī, Tha, o, a, aṃ, ttha, ttho, vho optionally. Of Eyyātha and so on, o and so on occur in order optionally. You (pl.) should go, or you (pl.) should go, you went, or you went, I went, I went, I went, or I went, he went, he went, he went, or he went, he went, he went, he went, or he went, you (pl.) went, or you (pl.) went. By this, for the endings ī, ā, a, the substitutions ttho, ttha, aṃ occur. He was, he was, he was, he was, I was, I was. The following Pāli (examples) – (for ī) – and may you not sink into the mud [Jā. 1.13.44], you laughed with me [Jā. 1.16.241]. (for ā) – Vāsava rejoiced [Jā. 2.22.1667], Vāsava invited [Jā. 2.22.1667], the city was agitated then [Jā. 2.22.1673], Elder Subhūti spoke the verse [Theragā. 1]. (for a) – Here I said this to Queen Mallikā [Saṃ. Ni. 1.119], "Friend, I said this unknowingly, 'I know'" [Pārā. 195], I fell under the sway of desires [Jā. 2.19.45], I attained the deathless peace, and so on. 590. Uṃ, ssiṃ, svaṃ, su For 'uṃ', 'iṃsu', 'aṃsu' occur. They went, they went, they went. By this, for 'uṃ', 'iṃsu' occurs, they were, they are. For 'o', 'a', 'i', 'ttha', 'ttho'. For 'o', 'a' and so forth occur. You were, you were, you were, you were. Here, in Pāli, for 'o', 'a' (form of 'atta'), 'mā'. Thus, Ananda, he spoke. You yourself now do, what desire has gone forth in you. Here, 'mā', you fear, great king. Do not fear, chief of charioteers. Do not think, do not grieve. I beg the hunter. Here, 'ttha' (form of 'atta'), 'māssu'. Surely you did not think you had crossed. Do not be tired without me. Surely do not be angry, sailor. Here, 'ttho' (form of 'atto'), 'mā'. Do not think of the old. Do not burn again and again. Do not cling to a mere blade of grass. Do not transgress the word of Brahma. Do not think, 'he does not know me'. There, 'do not burn' and so on are also accomplished by the aorist. By rule division, 'ttha' becomes 'ttho'. That I tell you, good sirs, as many as are gathered here. Surely you did not betray friends. Indeed, betrayal of friends is evil. By the great rule, 'o' is sometimes dropped. Again you gave a gift. Do not, my dear, give to us. May you not be angry, lady. May you not be regretful afterwards. For 'o', 'si' occurs, or not. You were, you are, you experience. For 'mhā', 'ttha' (endings), 'u' occurs at the beginning. We heard, we were, we spoke, you spoke, and so on are seen. You were, you are, you were, you are, or; we were, we are, we were. we were, or we became. 594. And `iṃssa` becomes `suu`. For `imi` and `mha`, `suu` occurs at the start, meaning an augment. By the word `ca`, for `ī` and others too, an augment occurs at the start. And when there is an augment, it becomes a consonant, and at its beginning, the augment `i` is obtained. Therefore, "These verses they spoke, they asked me for horses, they saw things as they are" and so on, are accomplished. He enjoyed wealth, or he experienced. You (pl.) enjoyed wealth, or you experienced. I enjoyed wealth, or I experienced. We enjoyed wealth, or we experienced. 595. `e` and `o` endings become `suṃ`. After an `e`-ending and an `o`-ending, the `uṃ` suffix becomes `suṃ`, optionally. They brought, they lay down, they thought, they experienced in return, they enjoyed fully, they presided over, they overcame. And by the Suttavibhanga, also from an `ā`-ending, "they dwelt and they dwell", they experienced. These are the forms. By him, wealth was enjoyed, or was experienced. In shortening: was enjoyed, was experienced. In doubling: was enjoyed, was experienced. By him, wealths were enjoyed, or were experienced, were enjoyed, or were experienced, and so on, these are pure passive forms. He developed the path, or he developed, he caused to develop, or he caused to develop, he developed, or he developed. They developed the path, or they developed. "`Eontāsu`" means `suṃ` from an `e`-ending. They developed the path, or they developed, they caused to develop, or they caused to develop. You (sg.) developed the path, or you developed, you caused to develop, or you caused to develop. You (sg.) developed the path, or you developed, you caused to develop, or you caused to develop. You (sg.) developed the path, or you developed. You (sg.) caused to develop, or you caused to develop. You (pl.) developed the path, or you developed, you caused to develop, or you caused to develop. I developed the path, or I developed, I caused to develop, or I caused to develop, I developed, or I developed. We developed the path, or we developed, we developed, or we developed, we caused to develop, or we caused to develop, we caused to develop. we developed, we cultivated. He did not develop the path, he developed (it), you did not develop (it), you developed (it), you all did not develop (it), you all developed (it), and so on, these are active forms. By him the path was not developed, (by him it) was developed, by him the paths were not developed, (by him they) were developed, and so on, these are causative-passive forms. Thus, the Aorist. The Remote Past Now the Remote Past is explained. 596. In the Remote Past: a, u, e, tha, aṃ, mha, ttha, re, ttho, vho, iṃ, mhe. Beyond the sense faculties is the remote past, the meaning is 'not directly perceived'. In past time, for expressing one's own remote past action, the verb forms beginning with 'a' and so on occur. He, it is said, went, they, it is said, went, you, it is said, went, you all, it is said, went, I, it is said, went, we, it is said, went, and so on. And here, 'He, it is said, went' and so on, are called the remote past of hearsay. 'I, it is said, went, we, it is said, went' - this, even having gone oneself, or for one who has forgotten the going, or for one who does not wish to acknowledge it, is called the remote past of response. 597. And in the Remote Past. In the Remote Past, the first syllable, if it has one vowel, becomes duplicated; and by the word 'ca', in other cases too, duplication is accomplished. Caṅkamati, daddallati, dadāti, jahāti, juhoti, lolupo, momūho. 598. Of the second and fourth (consonants), the first and third (respectively). In reduplication, of the preceding second and fourth (consonants), the first and third respectively occur. 599. Of the preceding, 'a'. In reduplication, of the preceding 'bhū', the ending becomes 'a'. 600. Of 'bhū', 'vuka'. In reduplication, at the end of the root 'bhū', 'vuka' occurs; the meaning is that 'va' is inserted. "There a mighty roar arose" - (this is a) Pāli (quote). He, it is said, became a king, they, it is said, became kings, you became. 'Of a, ī, ssā, ssati and so on, of the consonant, 'iu'' - thus the rule. by this, the 'i' increment in the initial consonant, etc. you (pl.) became, I became, we became, he became, they became, you (sg.) became, you (pl.) became, I became, we became, these are the forms. Because it is prohibited by 'kyo in impersonal and passive voices in non-remote past', the 'ya' suffix does not occur in impersonal and passive voices in the remote past. 'By him, indeed, enjoyment was experienced, by them, enjoyment was experienced' - should be construed in this way. Thus, the Remote Past. The Future Tense, etc. Now the Future Tense, etc., is explained. Bhavissati, ssati, ssanti, ssasi, ssatha, ssāmi, ssāma, ssate, ssante, ssase, ssavhe, ssaṃ, ssāmhe. 'Bhavissati' means 'future', the future time. In that future time, the 'tyādayo' suffixes occur for the verb. In 'nāma', in blame, and in wonder. The 'ssatyādi' suffixes occur with the particle 'nāma', in blame, and in wonder. This rule is to show the occurrence of 'ssatyādi' even in the past tense. Lamentation, regret, approval, etc., are also included here. There, in blame: "Is it true, dear Sudinna, that you will eat the fermented gruel from the evening?" In wonder: "Where indeed, being conscious, he will not hear the sound of five hundred carts." In lamentation, etc.: "I will not blame myself, I will not report to the community." "I will not seek wealth as before," thus he regrets later. "I will not disrespect beings, though capable, I will not support, I will not associate with another's wife." "I will not attend as before," thus he regrets later. "Through many births in transmigration, I have run on, without finding rest." But sometimes, in verses, there is a single 's' elision. "A friend's water, I drank without being given." "I cooked in hell." Going, I saw him, I reflected wisely, and so on. "The insertion of 'i' for consonants in ssatyādi forms, as in 'A ī ssā ssatyādīnaṃ byañjanassiu'," (Thus) he will be, they will be, they will be, you will be, you will be, I will be, we will be, he will be, they will be, they will be, you will be, you will be, I will be, we will be. He will experience, they will experience, they will experience,