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when roots and leaves have emerged. 131. Gha Moss on tadpole's back, Mushroom, snake-umbrella bud; Objects of a minor fault, A flower not to be used. 133. Lac, resin, mushrooms, Having damaged a living tree; For taking, a pācitti, For cutting, a minor fault. 134. To press coconut, etc., With a wooden press, etc.; To cut, to make a knot, With grass, etc., is not allowed. 135. A living plant or seed, Cut, break, gather, or; Split, pierce, cook, or, One should not instruct. 136. "Make this allowable, Take this, bring this; Give this, purify this," Thus it is allowed to speak. 14. Description of Grounds Grounds are – 137. Designated, boundary-marked, Cow-resting place, householder's ground; Allowable grounds are these, Where grown and cooked are allowed. 138. In a house made for dwelling, Of the Sangha or an individual; An allowable hut should be got, Where one can lie down together. 139. In a house of Sangha or individual, While making, saying thus; The first brick, pillar, etc., Should be placed as a boundary marker; "We make an allowable hut, We make an allowable hut." 140. Mostly unenclosed, Or the entire monastery; Is called "cow-resting place," By Sangha-approved designation. 141. By others, not a bhikkhu, Given, belonging to them; For an allowable hut's purpose, A house is a householder's ground. 142. In an unallowable hut grown, Mixed with ghee, etc.; Avoid what's grown inside, The first two kālika foods. 143. Cooked by bhikkhus themselves, Is allowable for life; Non-flesh for seven days, Flesh if cooked by oneself. 144. The boundary marker, by which, With pillars, etc., established; Even if those are removed, It remains with others. 145. If all are removed, It becomes without a basis; A cow-resting place, if enclosed, The rest are roof-like structures. 15. Description of Duties towards Preceptors and Teachers Duties towards Preceptors and Teachers are – 146. Relying on preceptors and teachers, Dwelling, being very gentle; Toothbrush, seat, water, Gruel, always give in time. 147. Regarding the bowl, perform duties. in entering the village, in going and coming; on a seat, on a footstool, and on a mat, on sandals, on a robe. 147. In places for eating, drinking, urinating, and defecating; in cleaning the monastery, in the duty, and in re-establishing it. 148. He should not shake out while cleaning, nor against the wind, nor in a crowd; a bhikkhu should clean the monastery, the water, and the surrounding sleeping and sitting places. 149. When bathing, it should be done for one who has bathed, in dyeing and washing; in sewing a robe, in a patch, when dyeing, he should not go to one who is standing. 150. Without asking someone, a bowl or robes; he should not give or take any requisites. 151. To put someone behind, or to go behind him; to bring alms food, or to have it taken out for oneself. 152. To do work or service, or to have one's hair cut; to have it done or to do it, without asking, is not proper. 153. To go to a village, a cemetery, beyond the boundary, or in a direction; or to do one's own work, without asking, is not proper. 154. He should dispel arisen discontent, wrong view, or remorse; or he should be diligent in matters dependent on the Sangha. 155. He should attend to the sick, at their recovery; in breaking the duty everywhere, with disrespect, it is a dukkaṭa. 16. Explanation of the duty concerning places for defecation and urination Concerning places for defecation and urination: 156. He should not make a latrine according to seniority, in due order; latrines and urinals, and bathing places are to be used. 157. He should enter, having cleared his throat, not enter suddenly; he should clear his throat and enter, standing on his sandals. 158. He should not make a groaning sound while defecating, nor chew a tooth-stick; he should not do both outside the latrine and urinal. 159. He should not drop wood into the well, nor spit into the urinal; he should not scratch roughly, and he should wash what is not clean. 160. He should not leave suddenly, nor leave without clearing his throat; he should not make a splashing sound, and he should clean the dirt. 17. Explanation of the duty of asking permission Asking permission: 161. Without being asked by an elder, the Pātimokkha Do not point out; Do not speak Dhamma as a problem, Do not ask, nor dismiss. 162. For one who speaks after asking, When an elder comes again; There is no need to ask again, And for one who approves at the meal-hall. 163. Dwelling without asking, When an elder is in the same dwelling; One should not recite the lesson, Nor give an explanation. 164. Do not speak Dhamma by a lamp, Do not make it, nor extinguish it; A window or a door, One should open and close. 165. Even when walking on the promenade, One should turn aside from an elder; So that the elder does not brush against him With the corner of his outer robe. 18. Definition of Nakedness Naked means – 166. Naked, one should not go on the road, Eat, drink, chew, or taste; Nor receive, nor give, Nor salute, nor cause to salute. 167. One should not perform preparations, Nor make coverings; For preparations, two cloth-coverings Are allowable everywhere. 19. Definition of Bathing Rules Bathing rules mean – 168. One should not bathe in front of elders, Nor above them in the same way; One should give way to those descending, While one is ascending. 169. At a pillar, post, or tree-stump, While bathing, one should not rub; The body with a perfumed hand, Or with a kuruvindaka thread. 170. Nor should one rub the body With a mallaka or with another's body; Pieces of pottery, bricks, And cloth-strips are allowable. 171. For all, separate hands, And a suitable, unmade mallaka; Stone-foam and rough stones, Are allowable for rubbing the feet. 20. Definition of Those Not to Be Saluted Those not to be saluted mean – 172. Those suspended, the unordained, Women of different communion; And a novice, and one who has committed a grave offense, And a eunuch are not to be saluted. 21. Definition of Hides Hides mean – 173. Hides of deer and goats, Are allowable to use; And of red deer, female deer, antelopes, And kurunga deer, which are of the deer species. 174. Other hides, apart from the three allowed, Are objects of wrong-doing; Hides for bags and sandals, All are allowable for humans. 22. Definition of Sandals And sandals mean – 175. In the middle country, New sandals for a group or individual are not allowable; For everyone, they are allowable in the monastery, Everywhere. and of the leather bag. 176. All blue, white, yellow, red, and black; Of great color, of great name, dyed with colors, are the shoes. 177. All dyed with madder, variegated, adorned with blue and yellow; Like partridge feathers, adorned with ram and goat horns. 178. Bound with leather, bound with bags, filled with cotton, are the shoes; Wrapped with straps, stitched with peacock feathers. 179. Made with scorpion and snake skin, with lion, tiger, leopard, and panther skin; With cat, owl, and wolf skins, are they covered; Such sandals are to be avoided, whoever wears them commits a wrong-doing. 180. Having wiped off a part of all the blue and other colors; One may use the shoes, having removed the leather bag and so on. 23. Description of Not Looking Not looking means: 181. Whoever looks with attachment at a woman's private parts, or at the face of a giver of alms; Or at another's bowl with a thought of rejection, or at one's own face; In a mirror, water, or a bowl, commits a wrong-doing. 24. Description of the Collyrium Box Collyrium box means: 182. Round, eight-sided, or sixteen-sided, smooth and round, is the collyrium box; All three may be tied with a single string at the base of the neck. 183. Any form of garland work, or makara-tooth ornament; Or cow-urine, half-moon, and other designs are not allowed here. 184. It is permissible to sew with a single-colored thread, and similarly a pouch; A sheath, a key case, and a collyrium stick, if unadorned. 185. Made of conch, navel, horn, bone, reed, ivory, and so on; Made of wood, bamboo, lacquer, or metal. 186. Collyrium boxes, collyrium sticks, and smoke tubes are permissible; Similarly, knife handles, and snuff boxes made of these materials. 25. Description of Unsuitable Beds Unsuitable beds are: 187. A long chair, a cotton mattress, a couch, a mat, a goat-skin rug; A cloth, a variegated rug, a rug with otter fur, a rug with fur on one side. 188. A rug with long hair, a silk rug, a rug with fringes, elephant, horse, or chariot rugs; A rug with lion's mane, a rug of kadali skin, a rug of choice deer skin. 189. A canopy with blood, and a red pillow for the head; These are unsuitable, whoever uses them commits a wrong-doing. 190. Among the three, starting with the long chair, the rest are permissible if belonging to a layperson; A Dharma seat And in the refectory, and in the house to sit; On a folded mat, to lie down is proper. 191. Square stools of seven parts, high-legged of five parts; Padded with cotton, in the house, beds and stools to sit on. 192. Filled with rags, husks, leaves, and also with grass; Five kinds of robe-coverings, a cushion is proper everywhere. 193. Three layers of cotton for the cushion's interior, hair of deer and birds; Allowed for pillows, except cotton for mattresses. 194. Human hair, wool, leaves, flowers, tamāla wood; Pure, not a seat, is obtained without investigation. 26. Explanation of Equal Seating And one who has equal seating— 195. Allowed for bhikkhus, one seat, with a three-year interval; One of seven years, one of three years, one of five years to sit. 196. Except for a eunuch, a woman, one of both sexes, the sage; Allowed to sit on a long seat, with all others. 197. The end of a long seat, for three, where it is possible to sit; On a bed or a stool, for two it is allowed to sit. 27.