English
Skin, the skin that stands enveloping the entire body. Its color on the surface is black, dark, yellow, and so on. It is called havi, and when contracted from the entire body, it is the size of a jujube seed. The skin is white in color. This whiteness is evident in the skin that has been damaged by blows from fire, weapons, and so on. In shape, it is like the shape of the body. This is the summary here. In detail, the skin of the toes is shaped like a silkworm cocoon. The skin of the soles of the feet is shaped like a sandal or shoe. The skin of the shins is shaped like a palm leaf container for food. The skin of the thighs is shaped like a long bag filled with rice. The skin of the buttocks is shaped like a cloth filter filled with water. The skin of the back is shaped like a leather shield stretched over a board. The skin of the belly is shaped like a leather covering stretched over the belly of a lute. The skin of the chest is mostly square in shape. The skin of both arms is shaped like a leather covering stretched over a quiver. The skin of the back of the hands is shaped like a razor case, or like a bag for betel nuts. The skin of the fingers is shaped like a key case. The skin of the neck is shaped like a neck guard. The skin of the face is shaped like a nest of insects with holes. The skin of the head is shaped like a bag for leaves. The yogi who is examining the skin should, starting from the upper lip, direct his knowledge upwards, first defining the skin covering the face. Then, the skin of the forehead bone. Then, directing his knowledge between the skull and the skin of the head, like a hand between a bag and the leaves placed in the bag, he should separate the skin of the head, which is attached to the bone, and define it. Then, the skin of the shoulders. Then, in a forward and backward manner, the skin of the right arm. Then, in the same way, the skin of the left arm. Then, the skin of the back. Having defined each of these, in a forward and backward manner, the skin of the right foot. Then, in the same way, the skin of the left foot. Then, in order, the skin of the groin, belly, heart, and neck should be defined. Then, after the skin of the neck, the skin of the lower jaw should be defined. Bringing it to the end of the lips, it should be completed. Thus, while focusing on the coarse aspects, even the subtle becomes clear. As to direction, it originates in two directions. As to location, it stands pervading the entire body. As to delimitation, it is delimited below by the foundation of the established soles, and above by the sky. This is its delimitation by similarity. Its delimitation by dissimilarity is just like hair. "Flesh" means nine hundred pieces of flesh. All of it is red in color, like a kimsuka flower; in shape, the calf muscle is shaped like rice in a palm-leaf packet, the thigh muscle is shaped like a sitting boat, the ankle muscle is shaped like the tip of a ladle, the back muscle is shaped like a layer of palm sugar, the two flank muscles are shaped like a thin layer of clay smeared in the belly of a pot, the breast muscle is shaped like a ball of clay rounded and set down, the two arm muscles are shaped like large dead rats folded in two. Thus, while focusing on the coarse aspects of flesh, even the subtle becomes clear. As to direction, it originates in two directions. As to location, it stands smeared over more than three hundred bones. As to delimitation, it is delimited below by the mass of bones forming the foundation, above by the skin, and laterally by each other. This is its delimitation by similarity. Its delimitation by dissimilarity is just like hair. "Tendons" means nine hundred tendons. All the tendons are white in color; in shape, they are of various shapes. Among these, five large tendons, starting from the upper part of the neck, binding the body, descend along the front side of the heart, five on the back side, five on the right side, five on the left side, also binding the right hand, five on the front side of the hand, five on the back side, likewise binding the left hand. Also binding the right foot, five on the front side of the foot, five on the back side, likewise binding the left foot. Thus, the body-supporting tendons are sixty large tendons. These sinews are bound around the body, and are also called tendons. All of them are shaped like kunda buds. Others, having spread over various places, are thinner, shaped like threads or ropes. Others are thinner still, shaped like creeping vines. Others are thinner still, shaped like the strings of a great lute. Others are shaped like thick threads. The sinews on the hands and feet are shaped like the feet of birds. The head sinews are shaped like a child's head-net. The back sinews are shaped like raw hide spread out in the sun. The remaining sinews, following the various limbs, are like a mail coat woven over the body. They originate in two directions. In terms of space, they bind and hold all the bones in the body. In terms of boundary, they are bounded below by the bases resting on the three hundred bones, above by the places where they strike the flesh and skin, and transversely by each other. This is their shared boundary. Their unshared boundary is like that of hair. Setting aside the thirty-two teeth bones, the remaining bones are: sixty-four hand bones, sixty-four foot bones, sixty-four soft bones embedded in flesh, two ankle bones, two ankle joint bones in each foot, two shin bones, two knee bones, two thigh bones, two hip bones, eighteen spine bones, twenty-four rib bones, fourteen breast bones, one heart bone, two collar bones, two shoulder bones, two arm bones, two forearm bones each, seven neck bones, two jaw bones, one nose bone, two eye bones, two ear bones, one forehead bone, one skull bone, nine skull cap bones. Thus, there are three hundred bones in total. All of them are white in color, and of various shapes in form. Here, the bones of the tips of the fingers and toes are shaped like kataka seeds. The middle joint bones next to them are shaped like jackfruit seeds. The base joint bones are shaped like drums. The back foot bones are shaped like granaries. They are shaped like akanda and lakanda roots piled together. The ankle bone is shaped like a single palmyra fruit seed. The shin bones are shaped like bandhakīḷā balls. The place where the shin bones are set on the ankle bones is like an unpeeled young palmyra fruit. The small shin bone is shaped like a bowstring, the large one like the back of a faded snake. The knee bone is shaped like worn-out foam on one side. The place where the shin bone is set is shaped like the tip of a worn-out horn. The thigh bone is shaped like a well-trimmed axe handle. The place where it is set in the hip bone is shaped like a playing ball. The place where the hip bone is set is shaped like a great punnāga fruit with the top cut off. The two hip bones, joined together, are shaped like a potter's wheel, each individually like a blacksmith's anvil. The tailbone, standing at the end, when held upside down, is shaped like a cobra's hood, with holes in seven places. The spinal bones, from the inside, are shaped like layers of headbands placed on top of each other, from the outside like a spiral staircase. Between them are two or three thorns like the teeth of a saw. The twenty-four ribs are shaped like incomplete and complete swords. All of them are shaped like the outstretched wings of a white chicken. The fourteen breastbones are shaped like an old sandamānika cage. The collarbone is shaped like a spoon handle. The shoulder bones are shaped like small iron crowbars. The collarbones are shaped like a worn-out Sinhalese hoe on one side. The upper arm bones are shaped like adāsa sticks. The lower arm bones are shaped like yamaka tāla tubers. The wrist bones are shaped like layers of headbands pressed together. The back of the hand bones are shaped like a pile of pounded akanda and lakanda roots. The bones of the fingers, the base joints, are shaped like drums; the middle joints are shaped like incomplete jackfruit seeds; the tip Like cotton seeds scattered. Seven neck bones, like bamboo sections threaded on a stick, arranged in order. The lower jawbone, like a blacksmith's anvil. The upper, like a scraping tool. Eye sockets and nose sockets, like the kernels removed from young palm fruits. The forehead bone, like a skull bowl placed upside down. Ear bones, like a barber's razor case. Above the forehead and ear bones, where a headband is tied, bone like a fragment of a pot, collapsed and filled with earth. The skull bone, like a coconut cut off at the mouth. Head bones, like a gourd shell stitched together. In terms of direction, arising in two directions. In terms of location, situated without distinction in the entire body. Specifically, here the head bones are established on the neck bones, the neck bones on the spine bones, the spine bones on the hip bones, the hip bones on the thigh bones, the thigh bones on the knee bones, the knee bones on the shin bones, the shin bones on the ankle bones, the ankle bones on the foot bones. In terms of boundary, enclosed internally by bone marrow, externally by flesh, and at the ends and roots, by each other. This is their shared boundary. Their distinct boundary is like that of hair. Bone marrow is the marrow located within those bones. It is white in color. In terms of shape, the marrow located within large bones is like the tip of a large, cooked rattan shoot placed in a bamboo tube, the marrow located within small bones is like the tip of a thin, cooked rattan shoot placed in the segments of a bamboo stick. In terms of direction, arising in two directions. In terms of location, established within the bones. In terms of boundary, enclosed by the inner surfaces of the bones. This is its shared boundary. Its distinct boundary is like that of hair. Lungs are two masses of flesh in a single bundle.