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that which is by craving, and they increase hatred, having concluded thus, those formations are with little destruction. From formations, consciousness, up to old age and death. This is the superimposition. Again, when such a teaching, the unwholesome states of that very one attain growth, development, and fullness, from the cessation of his formations. This is the superimposition. 102. Four types of individuals [see A.N. 4.85]: "One in darkness, bound for darkness"... ...Among these, what is called "darkness"? That which is darkness, obscurity. As said by the Blessed One: "Just as in that fearful darkness, a man with trembling body does not see, even so, from ignorance, darkness and obscurity, one does not have faith in the result of evil deeds. Thus, ignorance, darkness, unknowing, delusion, by which beings do not understand things as they are, is called darkness." That is of the three eyes. Darkness is a deficiency for the eye of flesh, for the divine eye, for the eye of wisdom. For these eyes, here, darkness is designated as ignorance. Therein, what is ignorance, non-seeing? Then, in dependence, that ignorance of the past, ignorance of the future, ignorance of past and future, ignorance of causes, ignorance of conditions— this is the outflow of that ignorant one, who has become absorbed. That which he does not know: "This should be cultivated, this should not be attended to." He is designated by that darkness, and darkness is spoken of thus. "He is deluded"— such is the intention. By that darkness, that person is called. "Darkness"— he, by that darkness, unremoved, unextirpated, becomes devoted to it, becomes intent on it. This person is called: "Darkness, intent on darkness." The dhamma that is the goal itself should be attended to; it burns that darkness, and establishes another mind. And those dhammas of his are fit for contemplation. He discerns with wisdom born of hearing. Therein, what is the person "Darkness, intent on light"? He moves by means of wisdom, and thus, for him moving, light becomes his destination. This person is called: "Darkness, intent on light." Therein, what is the person "Light, intent on light"? Therein, light is called that which, in opposition to that darkness, and those dhammas, at least the light of knowledge. That good person, "Darkness, intent on light"— therein it is said: "If this person, 'Darkness, intent on light,' obtains such a good friend, who restrains him from unwholesome things, and enjoins him to cultivate wholesome things." And thus he teaches the true Dhamma. "These dhammas are wholesome, these dhammas are unwholesome. These dhammas are blameworthy, these dhammas are blameless. These dhammas should be cultivated, these dhammas should not be cultivated. These dhammas should be practiced, these dhammas should not be practiced. These dhammas should be entered upon and dwelled in, these dhammas should not be entered upon and dwelled in. These dhammas should be attended to, these dhammas should not be attended to." He perceives by perception, just as the sense faculties perceive, he himself... ...he discerns. These states are wholesome, these states are unwholesome. These states are blameworthy, these states are blameless. These states are to be cultivated, these states are not to be cultivated. These states are to be developed, these states are not to be developed. These states are to be entered upon and dwelt in, these states are not to be entered upon and dwelt in. These states are to be attended to, these states are not to be attended to. He hears those states well, he applies his mind, he sets up a knowing mind, and those states become agreeable to his contemplation. He is endowed with wisdom born of hearing, he acts according to that condition, thus do his actions proceed, he is devoted to that, he is inclined to that. This person is called 'darkness, with darkness as his destination'. Among these, what person is 'light, with darkness as his destination'? 'Light' means those states which are the opposite of that darkness, even the light of knowledge, that is again a state. What is it called? One who knows with wisdom is called 'wise'. He thus discerns: These states are wholesome, these states are unwholesome. These states are blameworthy, these states are blameless. These states are to be cultivated, these states are not to be cultivated. These states are to be developed, these states are not to be developed. These states are to be entered upon and dwelt in, these states are not to be entered upon and dwelt in. These states are to be attended to, these states are not to be attended to. But here, associating with bad friends, following bad friends, he increases unwholesome states, he abandons wholesome states. Through that heedlessness, not attending to the conditions, he cultivates mindlessness and lack of clear comprehension. That darkness, which is the opposite, increases. Overwhelmed by darkness, he becomes devoted to darkness, and has darkness as his destination. This person is called 'light, with darkness as his destination'. 103. Among these, what person is 'light, with light as his destination'? Here it is said that this person associates with good friends, is connected to them, seeking what is wholesome. He approaches good friends and questions them, he inquires: What is wholesome? What is unwholesome? What is blameworthy? What is a fault, what is faultless? What should be cultivated, what should not be cultivated? What should be developed, what should not be developed? What should be entered upon and lived in, what should not be entered upon and lived in? What should be attended to, what should not be attended to? How does defilement occur, how does purification occur? How does becoming occur, how does cessation occur? How does bondage occur, how does liberation occur? How does the origination of self-view occur, how does the cessation of self-view occur? He, acting in accordance with what is taught and presented here, thus understands: "These states are wholesome, these states are unwholesome." Thus... and so on... up to "How does the origination of self-view occur, how does the cessation of self-view occur?" This should be done in detail. He deeply desires those states; such knowledge, wisdom, and light he increases. That person becomes devoted to that, inclined to that. This person is called "light, inclined to light." Among these, which person is "dark, inclined to darkness"? One who expounds unwholesome states. He shows rebirth in lower destinies through their cultivation. He becomes devoted to that, inclined to that. This person is called "dark, inclined to darkness." Among these, which person is "dark, inclined to light"? He shows the result of unwholesome action through darkness. Darkness is that eye of a good friend, by which one abandons unwholesome states, and increases wholesome states. Among these, one who shows rebirth in excellent destinies, devoted to that, is therefore called "dark, inclined to light." Among these, which person is "light, inclined to darkness"? He shows the result of wholesome action. That eye, through association with bad friends, through serving bad friends, following bad friends, increases unwholesome states. He shows rebirth in lower destinies through their cultivation. Devoted to that, he is therefore called "light, inclined to darkness." Among these, which person is "light, inclined to light"? He, being light and radiant, up to showing rebirth in excellent destinies. Devoted to that, he is therefore called "light, inclined to light." the destination. Light shows the arising of ten unwholesome deeds as the destination. It shows the result of unwholesome deeds for that person. It does not show the result of unwholesome states. It shows eight wrongnesses. By light it shows eight rightnesses. By light it shows the ten unwholesome courses of action as the destination. By light it shows the excellence. By light as the destination it shows the unburnable state. By light as the destination it shows the burnable state. This is the meaning of the Sutta. 104. Among these, what is the teaching method? What is taught in this Sutta? It is said that in this Sutta, wholesome and unwholesome states are taught. And the result of wholesome and unwholesome states is taught. And the diverse destinations of inferior and excellent beings are taught. This is the teaching method. Among these, what is the investigative method? The one who experiences the result of unwholesome action. Standing there, he investigates the arising of unwholesome states. The one who experiences the result of wholesome action. Standing there, he investigates the arising of wholesome states. This is the investigation and the reasoning. Among these, what is the proximate cause method? The person who is light, that is the proximate cause for reflection. The person who is darkness, that shows the proximate cause for the contemplation of being seized by darkness. By light as the destination it shows the proximate cause of heedfulness. Darkness shows the proximate cause of ignorance and wrong view. By light as the destination it shows the proximate cause of heedlessness and wrong view. This is the proximate cause. Among these, what is the characteristic method? By darkness as the destination, when darkness is designated as ignorance, all defiling states are designated. By light as the destination, when light is designated as knowledge, all states conducive to awakening are designated. By light as the destination, heedlessness is designated. By darkness as the destination, heedfulness is designated. This is the characteristic method. Among these, what is the fourfold arrangement method? This What is the intention of the Blessed One in this discourse? "Those beings of low birth, having heard this, will not undertake and practice wholesome states. Those beings of high birth, having heard this teaching, will undertake and practice