English
in the training rules. Minor moral conduct, major moral conduct. Morality is the foundation, the beginning, the practice, restraint, control, the mouth, the chief, for the attainment of wholesome states – this is the training in higher morality. What is the training in higher mind? Here, a monk, quite secluded from sensual pleasures, secluded from unwholesome states, with initial and sustained application, with rapture and pleasure born of seclusion, enters and dwells in the first jhana... and so on... the second jhana... the third jhana... the fourth jhana... enters and dwells – this is the training in higher mind. What is the training in higher wisdom? Here, a monk is wise, endowed with wisdom that discerns rise and fall, noble, penetrative, leading to the right destruction of suffering. He truly understands: "This is suffering." He truly understands: "This is the origin of suffering." He truly understands: "This is the cessation of suffering." He truly understands: "This is the path leading to the cessation of suffering." He truly understands: "These are the taints." He truly understands: "This is the origin of the taints." He truly understands: "This is the cessation of the taints." He truly understands: "This is the path leading to the cessation of the taints." – this is the training in higher wisdom. Sexual intercourse is what is called unholy conduct... and so on... for that reason it is called sexual intercourse. Having seen this, one should train to abandon sexual intercourse. For the abandoning, for the appeasing, for the relinquishing, for the tranquilizing of sexual intercourse, one should train in higher morality, one should train in higher mind, one should train in higher wisdom. These three trainings, one should train by reflecting, one should train by knowing, one should train by seeing, one should train by reviewing, one should train by resolving the mind, one should train by being resolved with faith, one should train by exerting effort, one should train by establishing mindfulness, one should train by concentrating the mind, one should train by understanding with wisdom, one should train by directly knowing what is to be directly known, one should train by fully understanding what is to be fully understood, He should train by abandoning what is to be abandoned, he should train by developing what is to be developed, he should train by realizing what is to be realized, he should practice, he should thoroughly practice, he should live by undertaking— seeing this too, one should train to abandon sexual intercourse. Therefore, the Blessed One said: “Whatever fame and glory he had before, that too will decline for him; seeing this too, one should train to abandon sexual intercourse.” 53. Overcome by thoughts, he pines like a wretch; hearing the clamor of others, such a one becomes ashamed. “Overcome by thoughts, he pines like a wretch”— afflicted, overcome, bewildered, endowed, covered by thoughts of sensual desire, thoughts of ill-will, thoughts of harming, thoughts of wrong view, he pines, he languishes, he broods, he grieves like a wretch, like a fool, like a deluded one. Just as an owl on a tree branch, seeking a mouse, pines, languishes, broods, grieves; just as a jackal on a river bank, seeking fish, pines, languishes, broods, grieves; just as a cat at a dirty, filthy junction, seeking a mouse, pines, languishes, broods, grieves; just as a donkey, whose burden has been cut, at a dirty, filthy junction, pines, languishes, broods, grieves; even so, that confused one, afflicted, overcome, bewildered, endowed, covered by thoughts of sensual desire, thoughts of ill-will, thoughts of harming, thoughts of wrong view, pines, languishes, broods, grieves like a wretch, like a fool, like a deluded one— “Overcome by thoughts, he pines like a wretch.” “Hearing the clamor of others, such a one becomes ashamed”— “others” means preceptors or teachers, or co-preceptors or co-teachers, or friends or acquaintances or intimates or companions who admonish him: “Alas for you, friend, alas for your misfortune, that having obtained such an exalted Teacher, and having gone forth in such a well-proclaimed Dhamma and Discipline, you should [live] such a [life]...” Having obtained the noble state, for the sake of the low sexual act, having renounced the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Sangha, the training, you have returned to the low state. Faith, indeed, was not yours in wholesome states, Shame, indeed, was not yours in wholesome states, Fear of wrongdoing, indeed, was not yours in wholesome states, Energy, indeed, was not yours in wholesome states, Mindfulness, indeed, was not yours in wholesome states, Wisdom, indeed, was not yours in wholesome states. Having heard, having listened, having grasped, having considered, having observed their words, explanation, teaching, instruction, admonition, he becomes confused, afflicted, struck, distressed, sorrowful. "Such a one" means such a one, that kind, in that state, of that sort, of that counterpart. He who is "confused" – having heard the clamor of others, becomes confused, such a one. Therefore the Blessed One said: Overcome by thoughts, he, meditates like a wretch; Having heard the clamor of others, he becomes confused, such a one. Then he makes weapons, urged by others' reproaches; This indeed is his great greed, he resorts to falsehood. "Then he makes weapons, urged by others' reproaches" means this. "Atha" means the joining of words, the connection of words, the completeness of words, the combination of letters, the smoothness of consonants, the sequence of words – that is "atha". "Weapons" means three weapons – body-weapon, speech-weapon, mind-weapon. Threefold bodily misconduct is the body-weapon, fourfold verbal misconduct is the speech-weapon, threefold mental misconduct is the mind-weapon. "Urged by others' reproaches" means this. Urged by preceptors, or by teachers, or by co-preceptors, or by co-teachers, or by friends, or by acquaintances, or by companions, or by comrades, he knowingly speaks falsehood. "I was devoted to the going forth, venerable sir. My mother must be supported, therefore I am confused," he says. "My father must be supported, therefore I am confused," he says. "My brother must be supported... my sister must be supported... my son m... My son must be supported... My daughter must be supported... My friends must be supported... My ministers must be supported... My relatives must be supported... My blood-relations must be supported, "Therefore I am entangled," he says. He makes a verbal weapon, produces, generates, brings forth, gives rise to, causes to arise. Then he makes weapons, urged on by others' accusations. This indeed is his great snare. This is his great snare, a great forest, a great thicket, a great wilderness, a great unevenness, a great crookedness, a great mud, a great mire, a great hindrance, a great bondage, namely, intentional falsehood – this indeed is his great snare. He plunges into falsehood. Falsehood is called lying. Here, some person, gone to an assembly, or gone to a gathering, or gone among relatives, or gone among a guild, or gone among a royal court, is brought forward, questioned as a witness – "Come, good man, speak what you know," he, not knowing, says – "I know," or knowing, says – "I do not know," or not seeing, says – "I see," or seeing, says – "I do not see." Thus, for his own sake, or for another's sake, or for the sake of some trifling gain, he speaks an intentional falsehood – this is called falsehood. Furthermore, lying occurs in three ways. Beforehand, he thinks – "I will speak a lie," while speaking, he thinks – "I am speaking a lie," after speaking, he thinks – "A lie has been spoken by me." In these three ways, lying occurs. Furthermore, lying occurs in four ways. Beforehand, he thinks – "I will speak a lie," while speaking, he thinks – "I am speaking a lie," after speaking, he thinks – "A lie has been spoken by me," having put aside his view. In these four ways, lying occurs. Furthermore, lying occurs in five ways... in six ways... in seven ways... in eight ways. Beforehand, he thinks – "I will speak a lie," while speaking, he thinks – "I am speaking a lie," after speaking, he thinks – "A lie has been spoken by me," having put aside his view, having put aside his acceptance, having put aside his preference, having put aside his perception, having concealed his thought. By these eight modes, there is false speech. He plunges into falsehood. He plunges into falsehood, enters, penetrates, goes into – he plunges into falsehood. Therefore the Blessed One said: "Then he makes weapons, urged on by others' words; This indeed is his great greed, he plunges into falsehood." 55. Known as a wise one, having undertaken a solitary life; And if he engages in sexual intercourse, he is tormented like a fool. "Known as a wise one" means: Here, someone formerly, in the state of a recluse, attained fame and praise – "He is wise, accomplished, intelligent, learned, an eloquent speaker, of excellent wit, a master of the suttas, or a master of the Vinaya, or a Dhamma speaker... or one who has attained the absorption of neither perception nor non-perception." Thus he is known, recognized, designated – known as a wise one. "Having undertaken a solitary life" means: He has undertaken a solitary life for two reasons – either by way of renunciation, or by way of abandoning the group. How has he undertaken a solitary life by way of renunciation? Having cut off all hindrances of household life... thus he has undertaken a solitary life by way of renunciation. How has he undertaken a solitary life by way of abandoning the group? Having thus gone forth, being alone in remote forest wildernesses... thus he has undertaken a solitary life by way of abandoning the group – having undertaken a solitary life. "And if he engages in sexual intercourse" means: The sexual act is that which is ignoble,