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(10) 5. Chapter on Asuras 1. Discourse on Asuras 91. "These four persons, monks, are found existing in the world. Which four? An asura with an asura retinue, an asura with a deva retinue, a deva with an asura retinue, a deva with a deva retinue. "And how, monks, is a person an asura with an asura retinue? Here, monks, some person is immoral, of evil nature. And his assembly is immoral, of evil nature. Thus, monks, a person is an asura with an asura retinue. "And how, monks, is a person an asura with a deva retinue? Here, monks, some person is immoral, of evil nature. But his assembly is virtuous, of good nature. Thus, monks, a person is an asura with a deva retinue. "And how, monks, is a person a deva with an asura retinue? Here, monks, some person is virtuous, of good nature. But his assembly is immoral, of evil nature. Thus, monks, a person is a deva with an asura retinue. "And how, monks, is a person a deva with a deva retinue? Here, monks, some person is virtuous, of good nature. And his assembly is virtuous, of good nature. Thus, monks, a person is a deva with a deva retinue. These four persons, monks, are found existing in the world." The First. 2. First Discourse on Concentration 92. "These four persons, monks, are found existing in the world. Which four? Here, monks, some person gains internal tranquility of mind, but does not gain insight into higher wisdom. Here again, monks, some person gains insight into higher wisdom, but does not gain internal tranquility of mind. Here again, monks, some person neither gains internal tranquility of mind nor gains insight into higher wisdom. Here again, monks, some person... a person is a gainer of inner tranquility of mind and a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. These, monks, are the four persons existing, found in the world." The Second. 3. The Second Discourse on Concentration 93. "These four persons, monks, are existing, found in the world. Which four? Here, monks, a certain person is a gainer of inner tranquility of mind, but not a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. Here again, monks, a certain person is a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena, but not a gainer of inner tranquility of mind. Here again, monks, a certain person is neither a gainer of inner tranquility of mind nor a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. Here again, monks, a certain person is both a gainer of inner tranquility of mind and a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. "Among these, monks, the person who is a gainer of inner tranquility of mind, but not a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena, by that person, monks, having established himself in inner tranquility of mind, effort should be made for higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. He, at a later time, becomes both a gainer of inner tranquility of mind and a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. "Among these, monks, the person who is a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena, but not a gainer of inner tranquility of mind, by that person, monks, having established himself in higher wisdom in insight into phenomena, effort should be made for inner tranquility of mind. He, at a later time, becomes both a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena and a gainer of inner tranquility of mind. "Among these, monks, the person who is neither a gainer of inner tranquility of mind nor a gainer of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena, by that person, monks, for the acquisition of those wholesome states, an exceeding desire and effort and exertion and endeavor and unflagging mindfulness and clear comprehension... should be done. Just as, monks, if one's clothes were on fire, or one's head were on fire, one would make an extreme wish, an effort, an exertion, an endeavor, an unflagging persistence, mindfulness, and clear comprehension to extinguish those clothes or head; even so, monks, that person should make an extreme wish, an effort, an exertion, an endeavor, an unflagging persistence, mindfulness, and clear comprehension for the acquisition of those wholesome qualities. After some time, that one becomes a recipient of internal mental tranquility, and a recipient of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. Among these, monks, the person who is a recipient of internal mental tranquility and a recipient of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena, that person, monks, should, established in those wholesome qualities, strive further for the destruction of the taints. These, monks, are the four persons existing, found in the world.” The third. 4. The Third Discourse on Concentration “These, monks, are four persons existing, found in the world. Which four? Here, monks, a certain person is a recipient of internal mental tranquility, but not a recipient of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. Here again, monks, a certain person is a recipient of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena, but not a recipient of internal mental tranquility. Here again, monks, a certain person is neither a recipient of internal mental tranquility nor a recipient of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. Here again, monks, a certain person is both a recipient of internal mental tranquility and a recipient of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena. Among these, monks, the person who is a recipient of internal mental tranquility but not a recipient of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena, that person, monks, should approach the person who is a recipient of higher wisdom in insight into phenomena, He should be told thus: 'How, friend, should formations be seen? How should formations be examined? How should formations be discerned?' He explains to him as he has seen and known: 'Thus, friend, should formations be seen, thus should formations be examined, thus should formations be discerned.' Later, he becomes one who gains inner tranquility of mind, and one who gains insight into phenomena through higher wisdom. Therein, monks, if a person gains insight into phenomena through higher wisdom but does not gain inner tranquility of mind, then, monks, that person should approach the person who gains inner tranquility of mind, and should be told thus: 'How, friend, should the mind be established? How should the mind be settled? How should the mind be made one-pointed? How should the mind be concentrated?' He explains to him as he has seen and known: 'Thus, friend, should the mind be established, thus should the mind be settled, thus should the mind be made one-pointed, thus should the mind be concentrated.' Later, he becomes one who gains insight into phenomena through higher wisdom, and one who gains inner tranquility of mind. Therein, monks, if a person neither gains inner tranquility of mind nor gains insight into phenomena through higher wisdom, then, monks, that person should approach the person who gains both inner tranquility of mind and insight into phenomena through higher wisdom, and should be told thus: 'How, friend, should the mind be established? How should the mind be settled? How should the mind be made one-pointed? How should the mind be concentrated? How should formations be seen? How should formations be examined? How should formations be discerned?' He explains to him as he has seen and known: 'Thus, friend, the mind... that should be established, thus the mind should be settled, thus the mind should be made one-pointed, thus the mind should be concentrated, thus formations should be seen, thus formations should be discerned, thus formations should be insightfully seen. So, at a later time, he becomes one who gains inner tranquility of mind, and one who gains insight into phenomena through higher wisdom. "There, monks, that person who gains inner tranquility of mind and gains insight into phenomena through higher wisdom, that person, monks, having established himself in those wholesome states, should strive further for the destruction of the taints. These, monks, are the four persons existing, found in the world." Fourth. 5. The Burnt Log Discourse "There are, monks, these four persons existing, found in the world. Which four? One who practices neither for his own good nor for the good of others, one who practices for the good of others but not for his own good, one who practices for his own good but not for the good of others, one who practices both for his own good and for the good of others. "Just as, monks, a burnt log, charred at both ends, and fouled in the middle with excrement, serves neither as firewood in the village nor in the forest; I declare, monks, that person to be like this, who practices neither for his own good nor for the good of others. "There, monks, that person who practices for the good of others but not for his own good, he is more excellent and more sublime than these two persons. There, monks, that person who practices for his own good but not for the good of others, he is more excellent and more sublime than these three persons. There, monks, that person who practices both for his own good and for the good of others, he is the foremost, the best, the chief, the supreme among these four persons. and pre-eminent. ‘‘Just as, bhikkhus, from a cow, milk, from milk, curds, from curds, fresh butter, from fresh butter, ghee, from ghee, the cream of ghee, the cream of ghee is declared to be the best there; even so, bhikkhus, that person who is practicing for his own welfare and for the welfare of others, this one among these four persons is the foremost, the best, the chief, the highest, and the most excellent. These, bhikkhus, are the four persons existing, found in the world.’’ The Fifth. 6. The Discourse on the Removal of Lust 96. ‘‘These four persons, bhikkhus, are existing, found in the world. Which four? One practicing for his own welfare, not for the welfare of others; one practicing for the welfare of others, not for his own welfare;