English
I in’ consequence lay myself open to the reproach of seeming ignorant of what it may be asswmed ought’ to be known. td every one treating of such a sas aches -It would have. been far easier to write an introduction twice or three times ‘as long, and to. have, left it to the _yeader to discriminate between the wheat and the chaff; but I- he As thonght it better to put forward only what I felt I could substantiate, and io leave the fuller development of the subject to more competent scholars. ; At the same time, though fully aware of my shortcomings in a literary point of view, I felt that I probably was as competent as any other person I could name to treat of the’ subject of the Topes and their sculptures from an architectural or archeological point of view. Long personal familiarity with Indian monuments, and loving study of them, extending through half a lifetime, had given me a readiness in discriminating their peculiarities, which I am sorry to think very few possess ; and I felt, therefore, some confidence in undertaking this part of the .work. Whether Iwas justified in this or not, others must judge; but at all events, I felt-and feel to be only too true, that if I did not undertake it there was no one else, so far as I knew, who possessed the leisure, combined with the love of the ° subject, necessary for the task. Unless I availed myself of the opportunity, I could not but fear that the illustrations of the work might lie dormant for another half -century—as those of the Mackenzie Collection have done—or at least for another . quarter. of a century, as has been the fate of those presented to the nation. at 80 much trouble and expence by Sir Walter Elliot. 1 oe There was still another course. open, which was to delay the appearance of the work till this time next year. Another twelve months’ study and preparation might have enabled me to make my text much more. complete than it now pretends - to be; but even then it would not have been perfect. Personally I should. no doubt have gained considerable credit to my own reputation by such a course, but so convineed do I feel that the illustrations of this work are in themselves—wholly irrespective of the text—the most valuable contribution that has been offered to the students of Indian antiquities for many years past, that I at once abandoned any such idea. The text has gone on pari passu with the plates, and my last sheet was sent to press before the last lithograph was ready for proving. The work has: PREFACE. vii not consequently been delayed one hour for anything I have done, and T am sure I have been right in acting thus. Still I might have been induced to delay the appearance of the work if I had been. able to enlist the: eo- operation of persons in India who. have lotal opportunities of dequiring knowledge regarding the subject. I have, howev er, found it so difficult to explain by correspondence, with strangers, what it is exactly that ca wanted to knows; ahd still more difficult to -disabuse their minds from the idea that it was not a " mnere~entiquarian -crotchet on my part, that 1 am ‘afraid that very little would be gained in that respect by delay. The real | way to interest. strangers-is to show them what has been done, and to let them see what still remains undone. When this is once brought home to them, I feel . ‘convinced that there are hundreds of intelligent. officers and others in India who both can and will at once supply the required information. ; In the meanw hile, however, I must not be understood as ‘complaining. _ General Cunningham, Colonel Meadows Taylor, Professor Cowell, Dr. Balfour, and Dr. Best, have contributed most important appendices to this work. ‘Dr. Reinhold Rost has afforded me most valuable assistance in passing the ‘sheets through the press, while Prince Frederick of Schleswig Holstein, and many others, have given me most usefull information and aid. Still the subject, in its present form at least, is new, and it will require the co-operation of.a considerable number of qualified. individuals before . it can be placed on an intelligible and secure basis. This last is the fact to which, in conclusion, I would wish especially to direct attention. If this work is really of the importance and interest which from its illustrations I believe it really is, the very limited number of copies to which this edition extends will soon be exhausted, and the work must appear again either in. a similar or a more popular form. Whether in that event it will.also be more complete or perfect depends more on’ others than on myself. If those who are more competent, or-who have special opportunities of gaining knowledge, will aid either by criticisms or comraunications to the public press, or by imparting information to me privately, a great deal may easily be — done. I urge this the more earnestly, because it seems to be only by sueh co-operation, either in such a book as this, or under some more competent leadership, that we shall be ‘able to follow the worship of the Tree or the Serpent through all their ramifications, or to trace theni back t6 their source. My conviction, too, is that the subject will well repay any trouble that may be bestowed upon it, for if I mistake not it is the oldest—it was at one time the most prevalent, and it is now the most‘curious of all those forms of worship through which man ever attempted to approach or to propitiate the Divinity. . J. F. 20 Langham Place, Novewhber 1868. sa NOTE. THE difficulty as to the correct mode of spelling Indian names has presented itself with more shan usual prominence in the following pages. The rule which it has been attempted to follow is, in the first instance, to leave all names which are already familiar to the English ear in the forms in which they have been adopted into our literature. Thus, such names as Cashmere, Cambodia, Karlee, Ellora, Amravati, &c., have been left 98 they are usually written. Such familiar terms as Raja, Naga, Hinda, &c., which occur at every page in the latter part of. the work, and regarding the pronunciation ot’ which there can. be no doubt, are written without any accents. All other Indian proper names are accented according to the method of transliteration most usually adopted by Indian scholars. This is done not only to indicate to the English reader the correct mode of pronouncing the word, but also to prevent any ambiguity as to the word or person intended. It has been a little difficult to follow out these rules strictly on all occasions, but this is at least what has been attempted throughout. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY ESSAY, PART IL—WESTERN WORLD. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES XLVI! to XCVIIL CONCLUSION: ARCHITECTURE—RELIGION--ETHNOLOGY” NRA nn (4799.) NARA . - p. 168 to 218 p- 219 to 226 PAGE PAGE Homan SAcririces - ~ ~ - 8 | Germany - ~ - - 20 Eeyrer - - =! - - - 6 | Sarwarta — . - - - 21 JUDEA ee - - - 6 | Scanpinavia - - - - 22 PHG@NICIA rr . + JO} France - “ - 26 MESOPOTAMIA -— -- - - - 11 | Great Brrraw | = * - 128 GREECE -— - 4 - -12 } ArFrRica - - “ - 682 Ivaty - °° = - . - - 17 | Amesroa we = - ° _ - PART IL—EASTERN ASIA. PERSIA - - - - - 40 | Inpr - - - - -~ 56 CASHMERE < - - - - 44} Mandsydrata - - “ - 09 CAMBODIA - ~ - =. - 48 -Rist or BuppHism - 3 -. 61 CHINA - = - a - - 61 | Huvvu Reticion -. - - 69 OcKANIA - - - - - 53 | Mopern Worsuir or TreEs AND SERPENTS IN - CEYLON - - - - - 64; Inpra “ ga *_ 72 . TUE TOPE AT SANCUII. CHAPTER L | CHAPTER IL. IntrupucToRY—CLASSIFICATION OF MONUMENTS | ‘ History — ETranoGRaPHy—ScuLPrurEs— —Stone Circtes—~Buppuist Rarts—Gare- : Merit or ScuLPTURES 87 to 98 ways AND Pintars - - - 77 to 86 ; j DESCRIPTION OF PLATES I. to XLV. p. 99 to 148 ' THE TOPE AT AMRAVATI. CHAPTER I. _f “CHAPTER IL Inrropucrory. 149 | History or Moxomenr - 153 to 162 x CONTENTS.—LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. APPENDIX. PAGE ra PAGE APPENDIX A, — Extracts rerom Dr. APPENDIX D.~Menoraxnpa on Movern Krevrzwanp’s “ Borcier’s Der ExstEen Snake Worsnire in Inpia - . - 235 * ABERGLAUBISCHE GrEBRAUCHE, WEISEN UND Geworrmmren.” &o oi es . 997 + APPENDIX. E—Transvation or tan Amra- f aN, ; 2 vATI INscrirTions, BY GENERAL CUNNINGHAM 238 one Z. <j . APPENDIX, B.—Asstract or THE Niia- Mara, by Proressoz CowrELn - - 299 APPENDIX F.— Curonotocy or Inpian . Dynasties FOR SEVEN CENTURIES BEVORE APPENDIX C. — TRANSLATIONS OF THR - AND AFren CaRIst + = 2 . 24] Epicrs or AsoKa, AND THE Boasra Inscrip- : VION, BY Provessor WiLson - x - 93] | APPENDIX G—DBirtu or SArivsuana — - 244 pas ees ee INDEX - - - * ‘ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PHOTOGRAPHS AND LITHOGRAPHS. SANCHI, FRONTISPIECE—ELevation of Nortuern Gateway. PLATE | ’ : . PAGE I—Grotnp Pian or THE Ruins.—From a Drawing by Lieut.-Colonel Maisey -~ 99 II.—Pxan and Exrevation or Tort—From a Drawing by Lieut.-Colonel Maisey. - 99 , II.—Derarts From ScuLprures.—From a Drawing by Lieut.-Colonel Maisey - - 99 TV.—Norruern View or Tore.—From a Photograph by Lieut. Waterhouse, R.A.” - 100 V.—Eastern View or Torr.—From a Photograph by Lieut. Waterhouse, R.A. - 100 VL—Fronr View or Norraern Gatreway.—From a Photograph by Lieut Water- house, R.A. - - - - - - - -. ~ 101 VII.—Rear View or Norriern Gateway.—From a Photograph by Lt. Waterhouse, R.A. 10F : VILL—Front View or Eastern Gatewsy.—From a Photograph by Lt, Waterhouse, RA. 103 IX.—Rean View or Eastern Gareway.—From a Photograph by Lieut. Waterhouse, R.A. 103 X. ro XiL—Piiars or Norruern Gareway.—-From a Photograph by Lieut. Waterhouse, R.A. 105 NIV. ro XV.—Purtans or Eastern Gateway.—From a Photograph by Lieut, Waterhouse, R.A. 105 XVI. ro XVIUI.—Rurss or Sournern Gareway.—From a Photograph by Lieut, Waterhouse, R.A. 107 XIX.}XX.—Rumms or Western Gateway.—From a Photograph by Lieut. Waterhouse, R.A. - 109 NXL—Garewar, Swart Torz.