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Of these, birth, decay and death in the round of births, and unpleasant and painful feelings in the four planes of misery', are painful because of painful feelings therein. All other feelings, in the 155 triple-planed universe including what is recognized as pleasant feelings, as they have originated depending on causes, are called painful because they are conditioned. One who has taken birth in the fourth Arijpaloka, known as the sphere of neither perception nor no perception, after enjoying the bliss of that Jhana for 80,000 Maha Kappas, is obliged to change from that place and that is known as painful because of changinjj. Therefore, feelings, which are conventionally known as pleasant, existing among men, Devas and Brahmas, as they are incapable of making any resistance against the inevitable law of dependent origination and are subject to change and come under the condi- tioned, they are also painful. Hence, all phenomena are included under the first Ariyan truth of ill and sorrow. Therefore, it will be seen that description of all feeling as one of ill and sorrow is the principal preaching. Whenever it is preached as two, three or five kinds, they are secondary preachings. It should be noted that the Buddha describes the doctrine m all manner of ways according to the mentality of the audience. HETUS Of the Six conditions called Hetus. Summarizing the Hetus, these appear as six, to wit, greed, hate, ignorance or dulness, disinterestedness, amity and intelligence^. Note i Amdha (Cp@®iQf) is a synonym of paiifia (Oc3qC£). The paiifiindriya cetasika (OCS^d^JsgaO ©Qtj^rBco) is intended here, that is the constant element m all intellectual functioning. Now there are eighteen kinds of consciousness which are not conditioned by any of these six : — Namely, five-door apprehend- ing, the twice five-fold sense impressions, receiving, investigating, determining and aesthetic pleasure. All the remaining seventy-one kinds of consciousness are conditioned by those six hetus, that is, there is one or more of the six hetus connected with them. 156 Of these, again, the two classes of ignorant consciousness are •conditioned by one only of the hetus. The remaining ten classes of immoral consciousness, and twelve of the Kamaloka morally beautiful classes of consciousness, which are disconnected from knowledge, together make twenty- two kinds conditioned by two of the hetus^ Again, forty-seven classes of consciousness are bound up each ^vith three- of the hetus, to wit, twelve classes of Kamaloka morally beautiful consciousness which are connected with know- ledge^, and thirty-five sublime and transcendental kinds of •consciousness. Note i The eight classes rooted in greed are bound up with, or condi- tioned by, the two hetus, greed and ignorance ; the two classes of consciousness connected with aversion are bound up with the two hetus, hate and ignorance ; and the twelve classes of Kamaloka morally beautiful classes disconnected from knowledge are •conditioned by the two hetus disinterestedness and amity. Note 2 Namely disinterestedness, amity and intelligence. Note 3 That Amoha qpS^aODj, of which the paiiiiindriya cetasika (OC3^£^53|co @0G5©ta) is the psychical ultimate, should be found in classes connected with knowledge shows that amoha (qp©®3®j, pafifia C5.i5S^) and iiana {^^) refer to one and xhe same adjunct of consciousness. 4 1 L5bh5 ddsoca mdhoca hetu akusalatayd Alobha dosa mohaca kusalavyakata tatha Ahetukattharasekahetuka dveduvisati Duhetuka mata sattacattalisa tihetuka." *' ®(5)®Q0D ®C,®3t) @S)3®333© <©QS5t^ CpC^(33G> (SoOa <f®(39QO ©^,833 @2)QD38 ^00(53 ©cesi-ssD oc^a <|p©tQ;s^^jd<©008S)®Qot^®3 ®e) gSootS 157 Greed, hate and ignorance are the three hetus of immoral acts. Disinterestedness, amity and intelligence are the three hetus of moral acts and indeterminate ones as the resultants and ineffectives. Not bound to any hetu there are 18, and bound to one hetu only there are 2, bound to two hetus there are 22, and bound to three hetus there are 47 classes of consciousness. HOW HETUS ARE DIFFERENTIATED Hetus or root conditions are of six kinds according to their characteristic features, nine kinds according to the origins of moral, immoral and indeterminate. Or, they are of twelve kinds according to the classification of moral, immoral, resultant and ineffective, and thirty-six according to the three planes of Kamaloka, Rupaldka and Arupaloka. Or, six kinds according to their characteristic features, nine according to schemata (matika ^otStOJ), twelve according to categories, six in Kamaloka, nine in Rupa Arupa and transcend- ental planes, three being in each. When all are taken together there are forty-two hetus or root conditions. CLASSES OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND THEIR ROOTS The mental property of ignorance associated with the two classes of consciousness rooted in nescience or ignorance is one unconditioned by any hetus or roots. The two classes of con- sciousness rooted in ignorance are conditioned by one root. The other mental concomitants associated with them are also condi- tioned by one root. The group of mental concomitants asso- <:iated with the classes of consciousness conditioned by two roots are also conditioned by two roots. The remaining mental concomitants associated with a class of consciousness conditioned by two roots and the class of consciousness itself are consciousness and mental concomitants conditioned by two roots. The group of mental concomitants associated with a class of consciousness conditioned by three roots are mental concomitants conditioned by three roots. The remaining concomitants and 158 consciousness arc mind and mental properties conditioned by three roots. The roots of greed and hate are always conditioned by roots. The root of ignorance may be unconditioned by roots or condi- tioned by one root. The roots of disinterestedness and amity may be conditioned by one root or two roots. The root ot intelligence is always conditioned by three roots. It is, undoubtedly, a fact that there are states conditioned by three roots. FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS The condition of the six roots, three of which are moral and three immoral, is the ability to keep classes of consciousness conditioned by roots well established. They are similar to roots of trees which prevent their fall and keep them well established on earth. Again, just as a tree which has taken root absorbs nutritive essence from the earth and produces flowers and fruits, even so the resulting effects, both in rebirth and during the span of life, of moral or immoral acts are occasioned by the force of the roots conditioning them. Classes of consciousness unconditioned by roots are similar to moss on the surface of water. ANALYSIS OF ROOTS The three immoral hetus or roots called greed, hate and ignorance originate in the eleven planes of Kamaloka as three. The three moral roots of disinterestedness, amity and intelli- gence, originate in the eleven planes of Kamal5ka, in the fifteen planes of Rupaloka, in the four planes of Arupaloka and in the plane of transcendental consciousness. As three roots are obtained in each, there are twelve in these planes of existence. Therefore, when the three immoral roots are added on to this number, there are fifteen roots in all by way of planes of existence. •59 As greed, hate and ignorance belong to the immoral classes, there are three immoral roots according to classes. As the three roots of disinterestedness, amity and intelligence according to schemata belong to the moral and indeterminate classes, there are six. When the three previously stated are added, they become nine. Therefore, there are nine roots according to their origin. According to the categories of moral, immoral, resultant and ineffective, there are nine moral roots, and three immoral ones, thus becoming twelve in all. Thus, there are six according to their characteristic features, fifteen by way of planes, nine by way of classes and twelve by way of catev^ories. When these four groups are added, there are forty-two roots in all. ANALYSIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS ACCORDING TO ROOTS Out of the 89 classes of consciousness, excluding 1 8 classes unconditioned by roots, the 71 classes, as they are associated with six kinds of roots, are called classes conditioned by roots. Ot iiKsc 7 1 , the two classes of consciousness rooted in ignorance, as they are associated with only one root, are called consciousness conditioned by one root.