Chinese
沙大众如针锋处同在闻法不相妨碍。为一切作逆罪人及四重罪等灭罪之缘由故所益甚多最为深也。然寻三圣意趣相与齐等。何者若非父王无有杀父之逆。则无以接作逆之人。子若不作逆罪则父王无有感佛发经之缘由。母若不以麨奉王则不被所禁。以何因缘使没出得开此经。故宫内现蒙胜益。是以三圣共为方开经。故云三圣意趣齐深也。合商略无量寿观弥勒二经说。然考于圣心以息患为主。统教意以开道为宗。所以世言千车共辙万马同案。如来出世亦复如是。欲使众生同悟一道。但根性非一故有教门殊致。所以有此之二经明两种教化也。无量观辨十方佛化。弥勒经明三世佛化。十方佛化即是横化三世佛化即是竖化。言弥勒经三世竖化者。过去七佛现在释迦未来弥勒明三佛化故是竖化也。言无量寿观十方横化者。此方秽土释迦化西方净土无量寿化明十方佛化。故是横化也。然此两种具有通别。言通者横化竖化皆是大乘。大乘具明十方佛化及三世佛化。此二种皆是大乘中所明故是通也。别而为论大乘具明二化。小乘不辨十方但明三世佛故唯有一佛也。以小乘不明十方佛但明三世佛故为半字。故名不了义。以大乘具明十方佛及三世佛故名满字。故名了义经也。又大乘具明三世无三世化。小乘但明三世不明无三世化。大乘具明三 现代汉语译本： 沙粒般众多的菩萨们，即使在针尖般狭小的地方，也能同时听闻佛法，互不干扰。为那些犯下弑父等逆罪之人，以及犯有四重罪等重罪之人，提供了灭罪的因缘，因此所带来的利益极其深远。仔细探究三位圣者的意趣，彼此之间是相通的。为什么这么说呢？如果父王没有被杀害，就不会有接引作逆罪之人的机会。儿子如果不犯下逆罪，父王就没有感悟佛法、开启经藏的因缘。母亲如果不以麦粉供奉国王，就不会被囚禁。因为这些因缘，才使得被禁锢的经典得以开启。因此，王宫内外都蒙受了殊胜的利益。所以说，三位圣者共同方便开启了这部经。因此说，三位圣者的意趣是同样深远的。综合考察《无量寿经》、《观无量寿经》和《弥勒经》的说法，可以发现圣者的心意是以止息众生的苦患为主，统摄佛法的教义是以开启众生的智慧为宗旨。所以世人常说‘千车共用一条车辙，万马同在一个案板上’。如来出世也是如此，想要使众生共同领悟唯一的真道。但由于众生的根性不同，所以佛法教门的施设也有所不同。因此，才有了这两部经，分别阐明两种不同的教化方式。《观无量寿经》辨明十方诸佛的教化，《弥勒经》阐明三世诸佛的教化。十方诸佛的教化是横向的教化，三世诸佛的教化是纵向的教化。说《弥勒经》是三世纵向教化，是因为经中阐明了过去七佛、现在释迦牟尼佛和未来弥勒佛，这三佛的教化，所以是纵向的教化。说《无量寿经》、《观无量寿经》是十方横向教化，是因为此方秽土由释迦牟尼佛教化，西方净土由无量寿佛（Amitabha）教化，阐明了十方诸佛的教化，所以是横向的教化。然而，这两种教化方式既有共通之处，也有区别。共通之处在于，横向教化和纵向教化都是大乘佛法。大乘佛法全面阐明十方诸佛的教化以及三世诸佛的教化。这两种教化方式都是大乘佛法中所阐明的，所以是共通的。区别在于，大乘佛法全面阐明两种教化方式，而小乘佛法不辨明十方诸佛的教化，只阐明三世诸佛的教化，所以只有一佛。因为小乘佛法不阐明十方诸佛，只阐明三世诸佛，所以是‘半字教’，因此被称为‘不了义’。因为大乘佛法全面阐明十方诸佛以及三世诸佛，所以是‘满字教’，因此被称为‘了义经’。此外，大乘佛法全面阐明三世，也阐明无三世的境界。小乘佛法只阐明三世，不阐明无三世的境界。大乘佛法全面阐明三
English
English version: Bodhisattvas as numerous as grains of sand can simultaneously hear the Dharma even in a space as small as the tip of a needle, without hindering each other. It provides the cause and condition for eradicating the sins of those who have committed heinous crimes such as patricide, as well as those who have committed the four major offenses, thus bringing immense and profound benefits. Upon careful examination, the intentions of the three holy ones are aligned. Why is this so? If the father had not been killed, there would have been no opportunity to receive those who committed the rebellious act. If the son had not committed the rebellious act, the father would not have had the cause and condition to be enlightened by the Buddha and to reveal the scriptures. If the mother had not offered the king barley flour, she would not have been imprisoned. It was because of these causes and conditions that the sealed scriptures were able to be opened. Therefore, both inside and outside the palace received supreme benefits. Thus, it is said that the three holy ones together skillfully opened this scripture. Therefore, it is said that the intentions of the three holy ones are equally profound. Combining the teachings of the *Amitayus Sutra* (无量寿经), the *Contemplation Sutra* (观无量寿经), and the *Maitreya Sutra* (弥勒经), it can be seen that the intention of the holy ones is primarily to alleviate the suffering of sentient beings, and the purpose of integrating the teachings of the Dharma is to open the path of wisdom for sentient beings. Therefore, people often say, 'A thousand carts share one track, and ten thousand horses share one chopping board.' The appearance of the Tathagata in the world is also like this, wanting to enable sentient beings to jointly realize the one true path. However, because the capacities of sentient beings are not the same, the teachings of the Dharma are also different. Therefore, there are these two sutras, each explaining two different methods of teaching. The *Contemplation Sutra* clarifies the teachings of the Buddhas of the ten directions, and the *Maitreya Sutra* clarifies the teachings of the Buddhas of the three times. The teachings of the Buddhas of the ten directions are horizontal teachings, and the teachings of the Buddhas of the three times are vertical teachings. Saying that the *Maitreya Sutra* is a vertical teaching of the three times is because the sutra clarifies the past seven Buddhas, the present Shakyamuni Buddha (释迦牟尼佛), and the future Maitreya Buddha (弥勒佛), the teachings of these three Buddhas, so it is a vertical teaching. Saying that the *Amitayus Sutra* and the *Contemplation Sutra* are horizontal teachings of the ten directions is because this impure land is taught by Shakyamuni Buddha, and the Western Pure Land is taught by Amitabha (无量寿佛), clarifying the teachings of the Buddhas of the ten directions, so it is a horizontal teaching. However, these two methods of teaching have both commonalities and differences. The commonality is that both horizontal and vertical teachings are Mahayana Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism fully clarifies the teachings of the Buddhas of the ten directions and the teachings of the Buddhas of the three times. These two methods of teaching are both clarified in Mahayana Buddhism, so they are common. The difference is that Mahayana Buddhism fully clarifies the two methods of teaching, while Hinayana Buddhism does not distinguish the teachings of the Buddhas of the ten directions, but only clarifies the teachings of the Buddhas of the three times, so there is only one Buddha. Because Hinayana Buddhism does not clarify the Buddhas of the ten directions, but only clarifies the Buddhas of the three times, it is a 'half-word teaching,' and therefore it is called 'incomplete meaning.' Because Mahayana Buddhism fully clarifies the Buddhas of the ten directions and the Buddhas of the three times, it is a 'full-word teaching,' and therefore it is called a 'sutra of complete meaning.' In addition, Mahayana Buddhism fully clarifies the three times and also clarifies the realm of no three times. Hinayana Buddhism only clarifies the three times and does not clarify the realm of no three times. Mahayana Buddhism fully clarifies the three --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
世无三世者。应身有三世法身无三世。具辨真应二身故有三世无三世。小乘但明三世者。小乘虽有生法二身并是有为故唯明三世无无三世。以但明三世无无三世义不具足。名曰半字不了义。大乘具明三世无三世。无三世三世。三世无三世。具足满半名了义也。问唯大乘明十方佛。小乘亦明十方佛耶。解有数义。一者小乘虽不明十方佛化。而明释迦一佛化于十方。明分身诸佛遍满十方。虽满十方还是释迦一佛故。阿含经曰。我别有净土我于彼处成佛。若使如此小乘亦明净秽二土十方佛义也。二者小乘实明十方佛。何者龙树曰。小乘实说十方佛。而小乘不觉不知。何者大论中引小乘经明毗沙门天王叹佛偈曰。稽首去来现在佛。亦复归命释迦文。此即具明十方佛。何者既前礼三佛竟。复更别礼释迦。以此而推知小乘明十方佛也。问若小乘明三世及十方佛。则应是了义满字。何故前判小乘是半字不了义耶。解云有多小。小乘小明十方佛大乘多明十方佛。小故为不了多故为了义。又小乘虽明有十方而不显了大乘明显了。以不显故为不了。以显现故为了也。今无量寿明十方佛。弥勒经三世佛亦得皆是大乘。何者弥勒亦有小乘成佛有大乘成佛。大乘三世化故。此二经并为大。若约为缘不同者无量寿观则是大乘。弥勒成佛则是小乘。虽 现代汉语译本： 世间没有包含过去、现在、未来这‘三世’的说法。应身（应化之身）有‘三世’，法身（佛法的化身）没有‘三世’。既详细区分了真身和应身，所以既可以有‘三世’，也可以没有‘三世’。小乘只阐明‘三世’，是因为小乘虽然有生身和法身这二身，但都是有为法，所以只阐明‘三世’，而没有‘无三世’的说法。因为只阐明‘三世’而没有‘无三世’的意义不完备，所以称为‘半字不了义’。大乘既阐明‘三世’，也阐明‘无三世’，既有‘无三世’也有‘三世’，既有‘三世’也有‘无三世’，这样意义完备，所以称为‘了义’。 问：只有大乘才阐明十方佛（指遍布十个方向的佛），小乘也阐明十方佛吗？ 答：有几种解释。一是小乘虽然不阐明十方佛的化身，但阐明释迦（释迦牟尼佛）一佛化身于十方，阐明分身诸佛遍满十方。虽然遍满十方，但还是释迦一佛。所以《阿含经》说：‘我别有净土，我于彼处成佛。’如果这样说，小乘也阐明净土和秽土这二土以及十方佛的意义。 二是小乘实际上阐明了十方佛。为什么这么说呢？龙树（佛教论师）说：‘小乘实际上说了十方佛，但小乘不觉察不知道。’为什么这么说呢？《大论》中引用小乘经文，说明毗沙门天王（佛教护法神）赞叹佛的偈子说：‘稽首过去、现在、未来佛，也归命释迦文。’这即是详细阐明了十方佛。为什么呢？既然前面礼拜了三佛，又另外礼拜释迦，由此推知小乘阐明了十方佛。 问：如果小乘阐明了‘三世’和十方佛，那么就应该是了义满字，为什么前面判定小乘是半字不了义呢？ 答：解释说有多种‘小’。小乘是小范围地阐明十方佛，大乘是多方面地阐明十方佛。因为‘小’所以是不了义，因为‘多’所以是了义。而且小乘虽然阐明有十方佛，但不明显；大乘是明显地阐明。因为不明显所以是不了义，因为明显地显现所以是了义。现在《无量寿经》（净土宗经典）阐明十方佛，《弥勒经》（讲述弥勒菩萨的经典）的三世佛，都可以是大乘。为什么呢？弥勒（弥勒菩萨）既有小乘成佛，也有大乘成佛。大乘有三世的化身。所以这两部经都是大乘。如果约定以因缘不同来区分，《无量寿观经》就是大乘，《弥勒成佛经》就是小乘。虽然如此
English
English version: The world does not have the 'Three Times' (past, present, and future). The Response Body (Nirmanakaya) has the 'Three Times,' while the Dharma Body (Dharmakaya) does not have the 'Three Times.' Because it distinguishes between the True Body and the Response Body, it can have 'Three Times' and also not have 'Three Times.' The Hinayana only elucidates the 'Three Times' because, although the Hinayana has the Body of Birth and the Dharma Body, both are conditioned dharmas, so it only elucidates the 'Three Times' and does not have the concept of 'No Three Times.' Because it only elucidates the 'Three Times' and does not have the meaning of 'No Three Times,' it is called 'Half-Word Incomplete Meaning.' The Mahayana elucidates both 'Three Times' and 'No Three Times,' having both 'No Three Times' and 'Three Times,' and both 'Three Times' and 'No Three Times.' This meaning is complete, so it is called 'Complete Meaning.' Question: Only the Mahayana elucidates the Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Buddhas throughout the ten directions of space). Does the Hinayana also elucidate the Buddhas of the Ten Directions? Answer: There are several explanations. First, although the Hinayana does not elucidate the transformations of the Buddhas of the Ten Directions, it elucidates that Shakyamuni (Shakyamuni Buddha) transforms into the Ten Directions, and that the emanated Buddhas fill the Ten Directions. Although they fill the Ten Directions, they are still Shakyamuni Buddha. Therefore, the Agama Sutra says: 'I have a separate Pure Land, and I will attain Buddhahood there.' If this is the case, the Hinayana also elucidates the meaning of the two lands (pure and impure) and the Buddhas of the Ten Directions. Second, the Hinayana actually elucidates the Buddhas of the Ten Directions. Why is this said? Nagarjuna (Buddhist philosopher) said: 'The Hinayana actually speaks of the Buddhas of the Ten Directions, but the Hinayana is unaware and does not know.' Why is this said? The Mahayana Treatise quotes a Hinayana sutra, explaining that Vaishravana (Buddhist guardian deity) praises the Buddha in a verse, saying: 'I bow to the Buddhas of the past, present, and future, and also take refuge in Shakyamuni.' This fully elucidates the Buddhas of the Ten Directions. Why? Since it first prostrates to the Three Buddhas and then separately prostrates to Shakyamuni, it can be inferred that the Hinayana elucidates the Buddhas of the Ten Directions. Question: If the Hinayana elucidates the 'Three Times' and the Buddhas of the Ten Directions, then it should be a complete meaning, so why was the Hinayana previously judged to be a half-word incomplete meaning? Answer: It is explained that there are multiple aspects of 'smallness.' The Hinayana elucidates the Buddhas of the Ten Directions in a small way, while the Mahayana elucidates the Buddhas of the Ten Directions in many ways. Because it is 'small,' it is incomplete in meaning; because it is 'many,' it is complete in meaning. Moreover, although the Hinayana elucidates that there are Buddhas of the Ten Directions, it is not obvious; the Mahayana elucidates it clearly. Because it is not obvious, it is incomplete in meaning; because it is clearly manifested, it is complete in meaning. Now, the 'Infinite Life Sutra' (Pure Land Buddhism scripture) elucidates the Buddhas of the Ten Directions, and the Three Buddhas of the 'Maitreya Sutra' (scripture about Maitreya Bodhisattva) can all be Mahayana. Why? Maitreya (Maitreya Bodhisattva) can attain Buddhahood through both the Hinayana and the Mahayana. The Mahayana has transformations in the Three Times. Therefore, both of these sutras are Mahayana. If we agree to distinguish them based on different conditions, the 'Contemplation Sutra of Infinite Life' is Mahayana, and the 'Maitreya's Attainment of Buddhahood Sutra' is Hinayana. Even so, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------