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大正藏第 12 册 No. 0351 佛说摩诃衍宝严经 No. 351 [Nos. 310(43), 350, 352] 佛说摩诃衍宝严经(一名大迦叶品) 晋代译失三藏名 闻如是： 一时，佛游王舍城耆阇崛山中，与大比丘众八千人俱，菩萨万六千人，从诸佛国而来集此，悉志无上正真之道。 尔时，世尊告尊者大迦叶曰：“菩萨有四法，失般若波罗蜜，云何为四？一者，不尊法、不敬法师；二者，为法师者悭惜吝法；三者，欲得法者为法作碍，呵责轻易不为说法；四者，憎慢贡高、自大誉毁他。是谓迦叶！菩萨有四法失般若波罗蜜。 “复次迦叶！菩萨有四法，得般若波罗蜜。云何四？一者，尊法、敬重法师；二者，随受闻法、广为他说，心无爱着亦无所求，为般若波罗蜜故，舍一切财物，求多学问如救头然；三者，闻已受持；四者，行法不着言说。是谓迦叶！菩萨有四法得般若波罗蜜。 “复次迦叶！菩萨成就四法，忘菩萨心。云何为四？一者，欺诳师尊长老；二者，他无恶事说有所犯；三者，摩诃衍者毁呰诽谤；四者，谄伪心无至诚。是谓迦叶！菩萨成就四法忘菩萨心。 “复次迦叶！菩萨成就四法，一切始生至于道场， 现代汉语译本 如是我闻： 一时，佛陀在王舍城（Rājagṛha）的耆阇崛山（Gṛdhrakūṭa）中游化，与八千位大比丘众，以及一万六千位菩萨一同，他们从各佛国而来，聚集于此，都立志于无上正真之道。 当时，世尊告诉尊者大迦叶（Mahākāśyapa）说：‘菩萨有四种行为，会失去般若波罗蜜（Prajñāpāramitā），是哪四种呢？第一，不尊重佛法，不敬重说法之法师；第二，作为法师却吝惜佛法，不肯传授；第三，想要求法的人，却为求法设置障碍，呵责轻视，不为他们说法；第四，憎恨傲慢，贡高自大，赞美自己，毁谤他人。迦叶！这就是菩萨会失去般若波罗蜜的四种行为。’ ‘再者，迦叶！菩萨有四种行为，可以获得般若波罗蜜。是哪四种呢？第一，尊重佛法，敬重说法之法师；第二，随顺接受所听闻的佛法，并广为他人宣说，心中没有贪爱执着，也没有任何所求，为了般若波罗蜜的缘故，舍弃一切财物，勤求多闻，如同救燃眉之急；第三，听闻佛法后，受持奉行；第四，修行佛法，不执着于言语表达。迦叶！这就是菩萨可以获得般若波罗蜜的四种行为。’ ‘再者，迦叶！菩萨成就四种行为，会忘记菩萨的初心。是哪四种呢？第一，欺骗师长尊者；第二，他人没有过错，却说他犯了错误；第三，对于大乘佛法（Mahāyāna）加以毁谤；第四，谄媚虚伪，心中没有至诚。迦叶！这就是菩萨成就四种行为，会忘记菩萨的初心。’ ‘再者，迦叶！菩萨成就四种行为，从最初发心直至成就佛道，
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English version Thus have I heard: At one time, the Buddha was dwelling in Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa in the city of Rājagṛha, together with a great assembly of eight thousand monks, and sixteen thousand Bodhisattvas, who had come from various Buddha-lands and gathered there, all aspiring to the unsurpassed, true and right path. At that time, the World Honored One said to the Venerable Mahākāśyapa: ‘Bodhisattvas have four practices that cause them to lose Prajñāpāramitā (Perfection of Wisdom). What are these four? First, not respecting the Dharma and not honoring the Dharma teachers; second, Dharma teachers being stingy and reluctant to teach the Dharma; third, those who seek the Dharma being obstructed in their pursuit, being scolded and belittled, and not having the Dharma explained to them; fourth, harboring hatred, arrogance, and conceit, praising oneself and slandering others. These, Kāśyapa, are the four practices by which Bodhisattvas lose Prajñāpāramitā.’ ‘Furthermore, Kāśyapa, Bodhisattvas have four practices by which they attain Prajñāpāramitā. What are these four? First, respecting the Dharma and honoring the Dharma teachers; second, receiving and listening to the Dharma, widely proclaiming it to others, with no attachment or desire, for the sake of Prajñāpāramitā, giving up all possessions, and seeking extensive learning as if saving one's own head from fire; third, receiving and upholding what has been heard; fourth, practicing the Dharma without being attached to words. These, Kāśyapa, are the four practices by which Bodhisattvas attain Prajñāpāramitā.’ ‘Furthermore, Kāśyapa, Bodhisattvas who accomplish four practices forget the Bodhisattva mind. What are these four? First, deceiving teachers and elders; second, falsely accusing others of wrongdoing when they have done nothing wrong; third, slandering and defaming the Mahāyāna; fourth, being deceitful and insincere. These, Kāśyapa, are the four practices by which Bodhisattvas forget the Bodhisattva mind.’ ‘Furthermore, Kāśyapa, Bodhisattvas who accomplish four practices, from the initial arising of the aspiration to the attainment of Buddhahood, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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菩萨之心常现在前，终不忘失。云何为四？一者，宁死终不妄语；二者，一切菩萨起世尊想，四方称说；三者，无有谄伪其心至诚；四者，不乐小乘。是谓迦叶！菩萨成就四法，一切始生至于道场，菩萨之心常现在前、终不忘失。 “复次迦叶！菩萨成就四法，生善法则灭、善不增长。云何为四？一者，贡高憍慢学世经典；二者，贪着财物数至国家；三者，嫉妒诽谤；四者，未曾闻经闻说诽谤。是谓迦叶！菩萨成就四法，生善则灭、善不增长。 “复次迦叶！菩萨成就四法，善不衰退、增长善法。云何为四？一者，乐闻善法、不乐闻非法，乐六度无极菩萨箧藏；二者，下意不慢众生；三者，以法知足、除去邪慢，他犯不犯、不说其过，不求他人误失之短；四者，所不知法不说是非，以如来证，如来无量境界随众生根，佛所说法我不能达。是谓迦叶！菩萨成就四法，善不衰退、增长善法。 “复次迦叶！心有四曲，菩萨当除。云何为四？一者，犹豫疑于佛法；二者，憍慢不语、恚怒众生；三者，他所得利心生悭嫉；四者，毁呰诽谤不称誉菩萨。是谓迦叶！心有四曲，菩萨当除。 “复次迦叶！菩萨有四顺相。云何为四？一者，所犯发露而不覆藏，心无缠垢；二者，真言致死终不违真；三者，所 现代汉语译本 菩萨的心念常常保持在当下，最终不会遗忘。哪四种情况呢？第一，宁可死去也绝不说谎；第二，一切菩萨都应怀有对世尊（佛陀）的敬仰，在四方宣扬他的功德；第三，内心真诚，没有丝毫的虚伪和欺骗；第四，不贪恋小乘佛法。迦叶（佛陀的弟子）啊！这就是菩萨成就这四种法，从最初发心直到证得菩提，菩萨的心念都能保持在当下，最终不会遗忘。 再者，迦叶！菩萨成就四种法，会使已有的善法消灭，善法不会增长。哪四种情况呢？第一，贡高我慢，学习世俗的经典；第二，贪恋财物，频繁出入国家机构；第三，嫉妒和诽谤他人；第四，没有听闻佛法，听到别人讲说就诽谤。迦叶啊！这就是菩萨成就这四种法，会使已有的善法消灭，善法不会增长。 再者，迦叶！菩萨成就四种法，善法不会衰退，反而会增长。哪四种情况呢？第一，乐于听闻善法，不乐于听闻非法，乐于学习六度（布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定、智慧）无极的菩萨法藏；第二，谦虚恭敬，不轻慢众生；第三，以佛法为满足，去除邪慢之心，他人犯错与否，都不说其过失，不寻求他人的缺点；第四，对于自己不了解的佛法，不妄加评论，以如来的证悟为准，如来的境界无量无边，随众生的根器而有所不同，佛所说的法，我不能完全理解。迦叶啊！这就是菩萨成就这四种法，善法不会衰退，反而会增长。 再者，迦叶！心中有四种弯曲，菩萨应当去除。哪四种呢？第一，对佛法犹豫不决，心生疑惑；第二，骄傲自大，不与人交流，对众生心怀嗔恨；第三，看到他人获得利益，心中产生吝啬和嫉妒；第四，诋毁和诽谤，不称赞菩萨。迦叶啊！这就是心中有四种弯曲，菩萨应当去除。 再者，迦叶！菩萨有四种顺应的品行。哪四种呢？第一，所犯的过错，能够坦诚地发露出来，而不加以隐瞒，心中没有缠缚和污垢；第二，所说的话真实不虚，即使面临死亡也不会违背真理；第三，所
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English version The mind of a Bodhisattva is always present, and will never be forgotten. What are the four? First, one would rather die than tell a lie; second, all Bodhisattvas should have reverence for the World Honored One (Buddha), and proclaim his virtues in all directions; third, one's heart is sincere, without any hypocrisy or deceit; fourth, one does not delight in the Hinayana (Small Vehicle) teachings. Kasyapa (a disciple of the Buddha)! This is how a Bodhisattva, having achieved these four dharmas, from the initial aspiration to the attainment of Bodhi, can keep their mind present and never forget it. Furthermore, Kasyapa! A Bodhisattva who achieves four dharmas will cause existing good dharmas to perish, and good dharmas will not grow. What are the four? First, being arrogant and conceited, studying worldly classics; second, being greedy for wealth, frequently visiting state institutions; third, being jealous and slandering others; fourth, having not heard the Dharma, slandering it when hearing others speak about it. Kasyapa! This is how a Bodhisattva, having achieved these four dharmas, will cause existing good dharmas to perish, and good dharmas will not grow. Furthermore, Kasyapa! A Bodhisattva who achieves four dharmas will not cause good dharmas to decline, but rather will cause them to grow. What are the four? First, delighting in hearing good dharmas, not delighting in hearing non-dharmas, delighting in studying the Bodhisattva treasury of the Six Paramitas (generosity, morality, patience, diligence, meditation, wisdom); second, being humble and respectful, not looking down on sentient beings; third, being content with the Dharma, removing the mind of false pride, whether others have made mistakes or not, not speaking of their faults, not seeking the shortcomings of others; fourth, for dharmas that one does not understand, not making reckless comments, taking the Tathagata's (Buddha's) enlightenment as the standard, the Tathagata's realm is boundless, varying according to the capacities of sentient beings, the Dharma spoken by the Buddha, I cannot fully comprehend. Kasyapa! This is how a Bodhisattva, having achieved these four dharmas, will not cause good dharmas to decline, but rather will cause them to grow. Furthermore, Kasyapa! There are four kinds of crookedness in the mind, which a Bodhisattva should remove. What are the four? First, being hesitant and doubtful about the Buddha's Dharma; second, being arrogant and not communicating with others, harboring anger towards sentient beings; third, seeing others gain benefits, generating stinginess and jealousy in the heart; fourth, disparaging and slandering, not praising Bodhisattvas. Kasyapa! These are the four kinds of crookedness in the mind, which a Bodhisattva should remove. Furthermore, Kasyapa! A Bodhisattva has four conforming qualities. What are the four? First, when one has committed a fault, one can openly confess it without concealing it, and there is no entanglement or defilement in the heart; second, one's words are true and not false, and even when facing death, one will not violate the truth; third, what --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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说而不相夺，一切侵欺呵骂轻易挝捶缚害，一切是我宿命所作，不起恚他、不生使缠；四者，坚住不信他说，至信佛法亦不信之，内清净故。是谓迦叶！菩萨有四顺相。 “复次迦叶！菩萨有四恶。云何为四？一者，多闻调譺、行不如法，不顺教诫；二者，离于正法不敬师长，不消信施；三者，失戒、定、慧，痴惘受施；四者，见于调御智慧菩萨，不敬、贡高而轻慢之。是谓迦叶！菩萨有四恶。 “复次迦叶！菩萨有四智：一者，未闻者闻，行如法；二者，依义不以文饰；三者，顺教戒善语，所作皆善、孝顺师尊，得戒定慧而食信施；四者，见于调御智慧菩萨，兴善敬心。是谓迦叶！菩萨四智。 “复次迦叶！菩萨有四差违。云何为四？一者，未悉众生便谓亲厚，菩萨差违。二者，众生不能堪受微妙佛法而为说之，菩萨差违。三者，爱乐上妙为说下乘，菩萨差违。四者，众生正行皆得妙法，而相违反，菩萨差违。是谓迦叶！菩萨有四差违。 “复次迦叶！菩萨有四道。云何为四？一者，等心为一切众生；二者，劝一切众生学佛智慧；三者，为一切众生而说正法；四者，令一切众生顺于正行。是谓迦叶！菩萨四道。 “复次迦叶！菩萨有四恶知识。云何为四？一者，声闻但自饶益；二者 现代汉语译本 不与人争辩，对于一切侵犯、欺辱、呵斥、轻视、殴打、捆绑和伤害，都认为是自己宿命所致，不起嗔恨之心，不生烦恼；四是，坚定地不相信他人所说，即使是佛法也不轻易相信，因为内心清净的缘故。迦叶！这就是菩萨的四种顺应之相。 “再者，迦叶！菩萨有四种恶行。哪四种呢？一是，虽然听闻很多佛法，却不依法修行，不顺从教诲；二是，远离正法，不尊敬师长，不能消化信徒的布施；三是，失去戒律、禅定和智慧，愚痴地接受布施；四是，见到调御（指佛陀或有智慧的菩萨）和有智慧的菩萨，不尊敬，反而贡高我慢，轻视他们。迦叶！这就是菩萨的四种恶行。 “再者，迦叶！菩萨有四种智慧：一是，对于未曾听闻的佛法能够听闻，并且依法修行；二是，依据佛法的义理，而不是注重文字的修饰；三是，顺从教诲，善于言辞，所作所为都善，孝顺师长，获得戒律、禅定和智慧，然后接受信徒的布施；四是，见到调御和有智慧的菩萨，生起恭敬之心。迦叶！这就是菩萨的四种智慧。 “再者，迦叶！菩萨有四种差错。哪四种呢？一是，不了解众生就认为与他们亲近，这是菩萨的差错。二是，众生不能接受微妙的佛法，却为他们宣说，这是菩萨的差错。三是，喜爱殊胜的佛法，却为他们宣说下乘的佛法，这是菩萨的差错。四是，众生修行正道都能获得妙法，却与他们相违背，这是菩萨的差错。迦叶！这就是菩萨的四种差错。 “再者，迦叶！菩萨有四种道。哪四种呢？一是，以平等心对待一切众生；二是，劝导一切众生学习佛的智慧；三是，为一切众生宣说正法；四是，令一切众生顺从正道修行。迦叶！这就是菩萨的四种道。 “再者，迦叶！菩萨有四种恶知识。哪四种呢？一是，声闻（指小乘修行者）只求自己利益；二是
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English version Not contending with others, regarding all acts of aggression, insult, scolding, contempt, beating, binding, and harm as the result of one's own past karma, not arising with anger towards others, and not giving rise to afflictions; fourth, firmly not believing what others say, not even easily believing the Buddha's teachings, due to inner purity. This, Kashyapa, is what is called the four conforming aspects of a Bodhisattva. Furthermore, Kashyapa, a Bodhisattva has four evils. What are the four? First, having heard much Dharma, not practicing according to the Dharma, and not following the teachings; second, being distant from the true Dharma, not respecting teachers, and not being able to digest the offerings of faith; third, losing precepts, concentration, and wisdom, foolishly accepting offerings; fourth, seeing those who are tamed (referring to the Buddha or wise Bodhisattvas) and wise Bodhisattvas, not respecting them, but instead being arrogant and looking down on them. This, Kashyapa, is what is called the four evils of a Bodhisattva. Furthermore, Kashyapa, a Bodhisattva has four wisdoms: first, hearing what has not been heard and practicing according to the Dharma; second, relying on the meaning and not on the embellishment of words; third, following the teachings, speaking good words, doing all good deeds, being filial to teachers, obtaining precepts, concentration, and wisdom, and then accepting the offerings of faith; fourth, seeing those who are tamed and wise Bodhisattvas, giving rise to a respectful heart. This, Kashyapa, is what is called the four wisdoms of a Bodhisattva. Furthermore, Kashyapa, a Bodhisattva has four deviations. What are the four? First, not understanding sentient beings and yet considering them close, this is a Bodhisattva's deviation. Second, speaking the subtle Dharma to sentient beings who cannot receive it, this is a Bodhisattva's deviation. Third, loving the supreme Dharma and yet speaking the lower vehicle to them, this is a Bodhisattva's deviation. Fourth, sentient beings who practice the right path can all obtain the wonderful Dharma, yet acting contrary to them, this is a Bodhisattva's deviation. This, Kashyapa, is what is called the four deviations of a Bodhisattva. Furthermore, Kashyapa, a Bodhisattva has four paths. What are the four? First, treating all sentient beings with an equal mind; second, encouraging all sentient beings to learn the wisdom of the Buddha; third, speaking the true Dharma for all sentient beings; fourth, causing all sentient beings to follow the right path in practice. This, Kashyapa, is what is called the four paths of a Bodhisattva. Furthermore, Kashyapa, a Bodhisattva has four evil friends. What are the four? First, Shravakas (referring to Hinayana practitioners) only seek their own benefit; second, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------