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He Is within the mouth; hence is Ayasya. He is Angirasa, because he is the essence of the members." Brihat Aranyaka I-3-8. Commenting on this passage Sankaracharya says: "Life is also called Angirasa, the essence of causes and effects. Angirasa is a compound of Anga and Rasa—Anga meaning members, causes, and effects, and Rasa essence, substance; the whole meaning therefore is the substance, upon which causes and effects depend—It is the essence of every thing, because unless it were present, all would be- come without effect." 78 A Study of the Bhagavata Purana "He who abides in the mouth is Angirasa, for he is the essence (Rasa) of the members (Anga). Life is the essence of the members. This is also Brihaspati. Speech is Brihati. Life is the preserver (pati) of Brihati, therefore it is Brihaspati." B.A. I-3-19 and 20. Brihaspati or the presiding deity of the planet Jupiter is called Angirasa i.e. the son of Angiras. The wife of Angiras is, according to the Bhagavata, Sraddha or Faith, and, according to Vishnu Purina, Smriti or Memory. The latter is a more suggestive name. Brihaspati or Jupiter is the essence of all beings and of the Universe and is con- nected with the memory of the past. Angirasa is the Rishi of the 5th Mandala of the Rig Veda. The Mantras of that Mandala are composed in the Brihati or big Metre. This accounts for the name Brihaspati (Brihati+pati). Brihaspati or Jupiter, as the guide of the Devas, has to play a most important part in bringing about the life evolution of the present Kalpa according to the records of the past and the essence or Rasa of all beings. The Aranyaka therefore calls him life itself. Utathya, another son of Angiras, is u+tathya. U is an interjec- tion, used as an expletive—Tathya means reality, truth—Utathya is said to be an incarnation of Vishnu. Both the brothers are said to have distinguished themselves in the Second Manvantara. Sinivali is the day preceding that of new moon or that day on which the moon rises with a scarcely visible crescent. Kuha is new moon day when the moon is altogether invisible. RGka is the full moon day. Anumati is the 15th day of the moon’s age on which she rises one digit less than full. The full moon and new moon days have thus a mysterious con- nection with the essence of all beings. On those days the herbs have their medicinal properties in full and even men have mysterious po- tencies, which have formed the subject of occult study. TABLE F. Pulastya = Pula + Stya. Pula is large, wide. It also means a thrill of joy or fear. Purnendu Narayana Sinha, M. A., B. L. 79 Stya is he who collects, is connected with, remains in. Agastya = Aga + Stya. Aga is mountain, unable to walk, fixed. According to a Pauranik legend, the Vindhya mountain began to rise higher and higher so as to obstruct the path of the sun and moon. The gods being alarmed sought the aid of Agastya who was the teacher of Vindhya. The Rishi approached the mountain and asked it to bend down and give him an easy passage to the south and to retain the same position till his return. Vindhya obeyed the order of his teacher, but Agastya never returned from the south and Vindhya never attained the height of Meru. According to the Bhagavata, Agastya is the digestive fire of the stomach. Visravas = Vi (signifying intensity) + Sravas (ear). Kubera is literally deformed. He is the god of riches and Regent of the North. He is the king of the Yakshas and Kinnaras and a friend of Rudra. His abode is Kailasa. He is represented as having three legs, only eight teeth and a yellow mark in place of one eye. Ravana, Kumbhakarna and Vibhishana are Rakshasas made fa- mous by the Ramayana. Ravana is one who makes a loud noise. The Rakshasas reached the height of their power in his time. The Yakshas, before his time, had occupied Lanka or Atlantis under Kubera, but Ravana propitiated Siva by his loud hymns, and acquired easy mastery over his kindred elementals. He ousted the Yakshas from Lanka and made it his own capital. Ravana also controlled the higher Devas of Triloki. Kumbha karna = Kumbha (pitcher) + Karna (ear). This pitcher- eared brother of Ravana is said to have devoured thousands of beings including sages and heavenly nymphs. He slept for six months at a time. He was ultimately slain by Rama. Vibhisana, meaning the Terrible, left his brother Ravana and joined Rama. After the death of Ravana, Rama installed him on the throne of Lanka. He is said to be still living. The Rakshasas are said to have possessed Kama Rupa i.e. they could assume any body at will. In the line of Pulastya we have this strange combination—the di- gestive fire of stomach, ears, Yakshas and lastly the Rakshasas who 80 A Study of the Bhagavata Purana could change their body at will. Altogether we may say, Pulastya is Intelligence which governs animal passions and Kama. TABLE G. Pulaha = Pula + ha. Ha is one who gives up. Gati is motion. Karma-Srestha is one most skilled in karma or work. Variyas is excellent, preferable. Sahishnu is patient, enduring. Pulaha seems to be the higher aspect of Kama—the impulses pure and simple, apart from their Kamic generator, or perhaps Pulaha may represent Pranic activity. TABLE H. Kratu is a Vedic sacrifice, intelligence, power, ability. Kriya is action. Balakhilyas—are a class of Rishis 60,000 in number, of the size of the thumb, and are said to precede the sun’s chariot. The word literally implies stunted in growth like infants. These Rishis are said to burn brightly with the spiritual fire of asceticism. The number 60,000 is significant. It indicates a correspondence. Perhaps the Rishis represent the sense perceptions which are guided by the Adhidevas who have their abode in the heart of the sun. The Balakhilya Rishis are therefore said to accompany the sun’s chariot. Their connection with Vedic sacrifices is also intelligible, as they are generally directed to the Adhidevas. TABLE I. Vasistha is the Controller. He is the spiritual teacher of the Solar Race and represents spiritual Intelligence or Higher Manas. He is the controller of the senses and the lower mind. Urja is Energy. She is also called Arundhati. TABLE J. Atharvan—The Veda called by that name. Purnendu Narayana Sinha, M. A., B. L. 81 Dadhichi—The name of a Rishi who accepted death In order to serve the Devas. Visvakarman forged the thunderbolt with his bones and Indra defeated Vritra, the Asura King, with that weapon. The line of Atharvan represents self sacrifice for universal good as well as magic or occult wisdom. TABLE K. Bhrigu—is the Dweller of Mahar Loka, or the Archetypal plane. Upon the Pralaya of Triloki, the essence of that triple plane and its Karma become embedded in Mahar Loka. The creative process sets in again in strict conformity to the Karma of the past. Bhrigu is therefore father of: Dhata—or Universal Karma Vidhata—or Individual Karma, and Sri or Lakshmi—the wife of Vishnu, the Energy of Preservation. Ayati—or potency is the wife of Dhata, Mrikandu and Markandeya, are in this line. Niyati—or fate, is the wife of Vidhata. Prana and Vedasiras are in this line. Kavi—is another son of Bhrigu and Usanas or Sukra is Kavi’s son. But according to some authorities Kavi is the same as Usanaas. It is a matter for reflection how Sukra or the presiding Rishi of the planet Venus is connected with Mahar Loka or the trans-personal plane. Mahar Loka is the first approach to universality and therefore may correspond to Higher Manas. However that be, Venus corresponds to the first plane of universality. The consideration of Tables C to K has proved to be an interesting one. But readers are requested to remember that this is a mere study by an inquiring student and they are left to think for themselves. I might have dwelt at some length on this portion of the subject, but that would be going beyond the scope of the present work. Briefly speaking then, Marichi—is Monadic ray or Atma-Buddhi, Atri—is the adjustment of the creative, preservative and destruc- tive tendencies in a Jiva, 82 A Study of the Bhagavata Purana Angiras—is the Essence of Creation, the auric repository of the Jiva, Pulastya—is Kamic Intelligence, Pulaha—is higher Kamic Intelligence, or it may be Pranic also, Kratu—is lower Manasic Intelligence, Vasishtha—is Higher Manasic Intelligence. TABLE L. Daksha—is the Able. Prastiti—is the Mother, the Procreative Energy. During the First Manvantara Daksha had nothing to do with sexual procreation. He was the father of 16 primal energies. These energies were wedded to Dharma, Agni, the Pitris and Siva—13 to Dharma and one to each of the others. Dharma—is that which binds the creation. Man and man, man and animal, animal and animal, all forms of creation are kept together by Dharma. The binding forces of creation are the wives of Dharma. Sraddha or Faith is the first wife of Dharma. Her son is Satya or Truth. Maitri or Friendliness is the second wife. Her son is Prasdda or complacence. Daya or compassion is the third wife. Her son is Abhaya or Free- dom from fear. Santi or Peace is the fourth wife. Her son is Sama or Tranquility. The fifth wife is Tushti or contentment. Her son is Harsha or joy. The sixth wife is Pushti or Fullness. Her son is Garva or Pride. The seventh wife is Kriya. Her son is Yoga. The eighth wife is Unnati or Advancement. Her son is Darpa or Vanity. The ninth wife is Buddhi. Her son is Artha. The tenth wife is Medhd or Intellect. Her son is Smriti or Memory. The eleventh wife is Titiksha or Forbearance. Her son is Kshema or Well-being. The twelfth wife is Lajja or Shame. Her son is Vinaya or Modesty. The thirteenth and last wife of Dharma is Marti or Form. Her sons are Nara and Narayana, i.e.