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) bringing witli t'.iem an image of Buddha and some sacred books, arrived in Raku-yo, tlie capital of Chlni. The Emperor then ordered them ■ to live in the Haku-ba-ji, or ^ White horse monas- tery.' This was the first time that Buddhism was known in th> Far-East. During tlie period of the '' No. 120(J. *- No. 1168. ■'' No. 1194. ^^ A^o.l2I5. *' No. 1197, i. e. Jo-yiii-shiki-ron, consists of extracts made by the translator Gen -jo from tlie ten different commentaries. XXIV iNTRODUCtTON. Latter or Eastern Kan dynasty (25-220 A. D.) and of the San-gokuor 'Three Kingdoms' (220-265 A. D.), it was not yet very flourishing. After the Western Shin (Tsin, 265-316 A. D.), or the Eastern Shin (317-420 A. D.), tlie S3hohirs of the Tripi^aka (San-zo-hos-shi) camo to China from India one after another, and translated the sacrel books into Chinese. From that time, tlie three trainings in the liigher morality, thonglit and learning became greatly pros- perous. China is a vast country and its people are numerous; so that we can not minutely here give the history of Buddhism there, except an outline of the following thirteen sects: — 1. The San-ron-shil, or ^Thre3 /S'a^tra sect ' (sje chapter 5). In 409 A. D., Kumara^iva finished his translation of the Three /S'astras.'^'' His four princi- pal disciples Do-sho, So-jo, Do-yu an I So-ei, generally called Sho Jo Yu Ei for brevity, expound- ed these books. This sect was firmly established by Kichi-zo of the Ka-jo monastery under the Zui .(Sui) dynasty, 589-618 A. D. 2. The Jo-jitsu-shfi, or 'Satya-siddhi-sastra-sect ' (se3 chapter 2). Kumarar/iva translated the Jo-jitsii- ron,'*' which was extensively taught by the priests of succeed in 2: asres. 3. The Ne-han-shu, or ^Nirva?ia-sutra-S3ct.' In 423 A. D., Dharmaraksha (Don-mu-sen) translated ^ '" Nos, 1179,118^1887^^^0. 1274. INTRODUCTION XXV the Ne-han-gyo.'* E-kwan of the So (Sung) dynasty (424-453 A. D.) divided the doctrines into five classes with reference to their chronological order, and called the doctrine of the Nirva??-a-Rutra the fifth doctrine of permanence. 4. The Ji-ron-shfi, or ' Dasa-l)humika-sastra-?ect.' In 508 A. D., BodhiruAn translated the Jii-ji-ron/^ which was extensively taught by the priests of succeed- inoj acres. 5. The Jo-do-shu^ or 'Pure Land sect' (see chapter 9). Bodhiruki translated the Jo-do-ron or ' Pure Land A9astra/ i. e. the Amitayus-sutropadesa/^ on which Don-ran of the Gi dynasty (386-534 A. D.) compiled a commentary. At the time of Do-shakn and Zen-do (hoth lived about 600-650 A. D.)i ^^^i sect was firmly established. 6. The Zen-shfi, or ' Dbyana sect ' (see chapter 10). In 520 A. D., tbe twenty-eighth partriarch Bodhidhar- ma arrived in China, and transmitted the seal of thought to E-ka. It pa?sed throgh So-san, Do-shin- and Ko-nin successively. After Ko-nin, the sect was divided into five schools. 7. The Sho-ron-shfi, or * IMahayana-sayJzparigraha- .<?astra-sect.' In 563 A. R, Paramartha (Shin-dai) translated tbe Sho-dai-jo-ron,"'^ which was extensively taught by the priests of succeeding ages. 8. Tbe Ten-dai-sbfi, or ^ Mount Ten-dai sect ' (see ' No. 113- '•' No. 1194. ■" No. 1204. '' No. 1183. XXVI iNTRODUCTtON. chapter 7). In 551 A. D., E-mon understood the doctrine of Buddha through the Ho-ke-kyo, i. e. Saddhaima-pu?ic?arika-SLitra.''' He was Lncceeded by E-shi and Chi-ki. Tlie latter, who is l)etter known by his pcsthnmoiis title of Chi-sha Dai-shi of Ten- dai (died 597 A. D.), caused this sect to become firmly established. 9. The Ke-gon-shti, or ' Avata77?saka-sutra-sect ' (see chapter 6). In 418 A. I) , Buddhabhadra (Kakn- gen) translated the Ke-gon-gyo ''' in sixty volumes. Under the Chin dynasty, 557-589 A. D., To Jun expounded it and was succeeded by Chi-gon. At the time of Ho-zo (Gen-ju Dai-shi, died 712 A. D.) this sect was firmly established. 10. Tho Hosso-shu, or * Dllarma-laksha?^a sect' (seechapt'^r 4). In 645 A. D., Gen-jo (Hiouen-thsang) returned from India to China and translated many Sutras and /S'astras. He bad three thousand disciples; of whom Ki-ki (Ji-on Dai-shi) was the principal one^ and who made this sect flourish in China. 11. The Bi-don-shu, or ' Abhidharma-sect ' (see chapter 1). In 391 A. D., Gautama Sawghadeva translated the Hossho-bi-don, i. e. Abhidharma-lm- daya-sastra,''^ which was extensively taught by the priests of succeeding ages. But the floiu^ishing state of this sect dates from the time of Gen-jo (about 650 A. D ), when the Ku-sha or Abhidharma-koga/''^ the ""^^oTTsi!" •'^'^07877^*1^071288 /"'^^^^ No. 1267.- INTKODUCTIOX. XXVII Ba-sha or Mahavibhaslia ''' and other ^Sastras were translated into Chinese. 12. The Kai-rltsn-shtl, or 'Vinayasect' (sea cha- ])ter 3). In 410 A. D., Buddhayasas translated the Shi-biin-ritsn^ or ^Vinaya of four divisions/ i. e. the Dharraagupta-vinaya."'^ There were three great com- mentators on this book under tlie To (T'ang) dy- nasty, 618-907 A. D. Among them, Do-sen of the Nan-zan or Mount Shu-nan is considered the or- thodox teaclier of this sect. 13. The Shin-gon-shu, or 'Mantra s3Cj' (see chap- ter 8). In 716 A. D., AS'abhakarasi/Tiha (Zen-mu-i) arrived in China and greatly promulgated the hidden doctrine. He was succeeded by Ya^rabodhi (Kon- go-chi) and Amoghava^ra (Fu-ku). The above thirteen sects are those which existed up to the time of the To (T'ang, 618-907 A. D.) and So (Sang, 960-1280) dynasties. Since the ac- cession of the Gen ( Ynen) dynasty, 1280-1368 A. D , there has been addel one Si3Cfc more, namely, the doc- trine of Ri-nn, or Lamaism, of Tibet. In 1873, I went to Peking, and ascended Mount Go dai (Wu- tai) in the following year. Two years later I visited Mount Ten-dai (Tien-tai); and also went through Sei-ko, Nanking, Bu-slio and Kan-ko. Thus I exa- mined the religions of the people of that vast coun- try, and found out tliat there were three, viz., 1. ^ No. 1263. '' No. 1117. '' 3Ir. Ognrusu. XXVIII Introduction. Confucianism (Jn), 2. Buddhism (Butsu), and 3. Taoism (Do). There are two great divisions of Buddhism in China at present, namely, tlie Bhie robe sect (Sei-i- ha) and the Yellow robe sect (Ko-i-ha). The Em- peror Tai-so (627-649 A. D.) gave one of his daugh- ters called Bun-sei Ko-shu in marriage to Sampu of To-ban or Tibet. Then the whole of Tibet be- came a field for Buddhist labourers. Afterwards Sampu frequented India and promulgated the doc- trine of Buddha. Lamaism is a part of the hidden doctrine, and its followers in China form the Yellow robe sect. The Blue robe sect consists of the priests of the old Chinese sects. They have established the names of Shu or prijiciple. Kyo or teaching, and Ritsu or discipline. The Dhyana or contemplation is their principle, the doctrines of the Ke-gon or Avatamsaka- sutra and the Hokke or Saddharma-pm^cZarika-sutra, etc. are their teachings, and the Vinaya of the Four Divisions or the Dharmagupta-vinaya is their disci- pline. Therefore each monastery is possessed of these three. The priests in the monasteries on Mount Go-dai belong to tlie Sho-ryo-shu, i. e. Ke- gon, but they also practise contemplation and discipline. Similarly those on Mount Ten-dai belong to the Chi-sha-shu, i. e. Ten-dai, but tliey als) practise contemplation and discipline. The Chinese INTRODUCTION. XXIX Bnddliists seem, therefore, to unite all different sects so as to make one harmonious sect. BUDDHISM IN JAPAN. The twelve sects treated of in this book include the principal Japanese Buddhist sects, though the number of different schools might be increased, if we were to count minutely the original and secondary divisions. We shall now try to divide the twelve sects into three periods, namely : — 1. The earliest period includes the first six sects. In the thirteenth year of the reign of the Emperor Kim-mei, 552 A. D., i. e. fifteen hundred years after Buddha, the king of Kudara, one of the three ancient divisions of Korea, presented to the Japanese Court animage of Buddha and some sacred books. In 625 A. D., E-kwan came to Japan from Koma, another division of Korea, and became the founder of the Jo- jitsu and San-ron sects (chapter 2 and 5). At that time, the Prince Imperial Sho-toku (died 621 A. D.) had already promulgated the doctiine; of Buddha. In 653 A. D., Do-sho went to China and studied under Gen-jo and transmitted the doctrine of the Hosso sect to Japan (chap. 4). In 658 A. D., Chi-tsu and Chi- tatsu went to China and also became disciples of Gen-jo and transmitted the doctrines of the Hosso and Ku-sha sects (chaps. I and 4).