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During the day, at least, on which the treatment is adopted, the patient must abstain from eating, and food should be taken for the first time the following morning. If this be difficult, some other measure must be taken under the circumstances. In case of violent fever, the application of cooling by means of water is prohibited ; in case of the ‘ sinking-heaviness’ (1) and ‘ shivering cold’ the best remedy is to remain near the fire, but in hot and damp places lying south of the River (Yan-tsze) and the Range (Plum) the above rule is not to be applied, and when a fever arises in these regions, nimittah, ‘Bodily diseases have their origin in (irregularity of) food and drink, their apparent causes being the derangement of the Aumours, i.e. air, bile, phlegm, blood, or of all these combined.’ : Here ‘ sonita-sannipata’ may stand for I-tsing’s ‘ Chii-lu’ (r); both seem to refer to one and the same disease, though the names differ from one another. For annapdnamtil4/, compare p. 129, line 6, above. RULES ON GIVING MEDICINE. 133 cooling by water is efficacious. When suffering from a ‘Féng-chi!,’ the best remedy is to anoint the wounded and painful spot with oil, and to warm it with a heated bed-sheet. If one anoint the same with warm oil good also results. Sometimes we find that for some ten days phlegm fills the gullet, water coming incessantly out of the mouth and nose, and the accumulated breath, being enclosed in the air-pipe, causes acute pain to the throat ; in sucha case speaking is difficult, on account of want of voice, and all food is tasteless. Fasting is an effective cure, without any trouble of cauterising the head or rubbing the throat. This is in accordance with the general rule of the science of medicine, i.e. healing a disease without using a decoc- tion or any medicine. ‘ The reason is that when the stomach is empty violent fever abates, when the juice of food is absorbed a phlegmatic disease is cured, and ' when the internal organs are at rest and bad breath dispersed, a severe cold will naturally be over. There will be no failure in a cure if this method be adhered to. There is, indeed, no trouble in feeling the pulse ; what use is it, then, ’ ‘to inquire one’s fate of a diviner? Each man is himself the king of physicians, and any one can be Givaka*, T’an-lan‘, the Master of the Law, used to cure disease by moderating the temperature—a thing a hermit alone can do. Hui-ssit 5, the Dhydna-master, destroyed an evil sickness (by meditation) while sitting in a room—~a thing common knowledge can never attain to. If it be necessary to consult some famous physician in Lo-yang, the eastern capital, then the poor and needy are (on the ground of expense) cut off from the ford of 4fe ; and when it is a case of gathering the best herbs * Féng-chi, lit. ‘ wind-pressure,’ is not very clear. The commentator supposes that it is lock-jaw. I think it represents ‘ Vata-Abadha,’ rheumatism (Childers). ? In these chapters, the Vidya, not the Vinaya, is I-tsing’s guide; he knew something of medicine, as he himself says, p. 128 above. * A famous physician in the Buddha’s time. See Mahavagga VIII, 1, 4 seq. * T’an-lan is a patriarch of the Sukhavatt school. Died a.v. 542. ® Hui-ssti (E-shi) is the third patriarch of the Tien-thai sect. Died a.p. 577. See Nanjio’s Catal., Appendix iii. 10, or FI f=) iz4 48h = + ate 134 A RECORD OF BUDDHIST PRACTICES, XxXvIt. from the western field, the parentless and helpless will lose their way. But the fasting we are now speaking of is simple and admirable, for it can be practised equally by poor and rich. Is it not important ? Food should be abstained from in all other diseases, such as a sudden appearance of a carbuncle or a smaller boil ; a sudden rush of blood causing fever; a violent pain in the hands and fect; any injury to the body caused by heavenly phénomena (such as lightning), climate, or sword and arrow; a wound inflicted by falling down; an acute febrile disease or cholera morbus ; the half-day diarrhoea, a headache, heart-disease, eye- disease, or toothache. A pill called ‘ San-téng’ (lit. the equal mixture of . the three) is also good for curing several sicknesscs and not difficult to obtain. Take the bark of Haritaka (or ki)1, dry ginger, and sugar, and prepare the three in equal quantities ; grind the former two and mix them . With the sugar by means of some drops of water, and then prepare them in pills. About ten pills for one dose, every morning, is the limit, and no dieting is required. In case of diarrhoea, about two or three doses are sufficient for recovery. “The benefit derived from this pill is very great, as it can relieve a patient from giddiness, cold, and indigestion ; and that is why I mention it here. If there be no sugar, jelly or honey will suffice, If one bite a piece of Haritaka every day and swallow its juice, one’s whole life will be free from disease.. These points which form the science of medicine were handed down from Sakra Devendra, as one of the five sciences of India, which is followed throughout the ' five parts of that country. In it, the mest important rule is fasting. The old translators taught that if a disease be not cured by abstaining from food for seven days, one should then seek help from Avalokitesvara. Most of the Chinese were not accustomed fo such a practice, and con- sidered it as a separate religious fast, thus never attempting to study or practise it as @ science. This error is due to want of knowledge concerning the science of medicine onthe part of the o/d translators. In case of sickness brought about by swallowing a ‘red stone’ (Tan-shih), a chronic illness or the swelling of the stomach, one may also adopt the above-mentioned method, (Note by I-tsing): I fear that there may be some who swallow a ‘red + Te. yellow myrobalan, Mahavagga VI, 6, 1. RULES ON GIVING MEDICINE. 135 stone!’ (Tan-shih) ; it is not a good thing to take, though it suppresses hunger. The Fei-tan (the ‘flying red stone*’) is never found in any country but China. The swallowing of a stone is practised only in the Divine Land (i.e. China), but a crystal or an adularia (lit. ‘white stone’) sometimes produces fire ; if swallowed, one’s body is ‘ burnt and cracked,’ People of these days do not distinguish this, and those who die of this fault are innumerable. Thus one should be deepby aware of 7ts danger. Poisons such as that of snake-bites are not to be cured by the above- mentioned method. While abstaining from food, walking and working are to be strictly avoided. He who is taking a long journey can walk without any harm through fasting; but when éhe disease for which he is fasting is cured, he must take a rest, and eat newly-boiled rice and drink a quantity of well-boiled lentil-water mixed with some spice. If one feel chilly the last-named © water is to be drunk with some peppcr, ginger, or the Piper longum (Pippali)®. If one feel cold, Kashggpian onjgns (Palau) or wild mustard must be applied. . It is said in the SAstra on medical treatment *: ‘Anything of acrid or hot flavour removes a cold, with the exception of dry ginger.’ But if mixed with other things it is also good. One should moderate and rest the body during as many days as one has been abstaining from food. Drinking cold water is to be avoided ; other dicting is to be carried out according to medical advice. If one drink rice-wag@¥ it is to be feared that the phlegm will be increased. In case of being troubled by cold, eating will not hurt one; for a fever, the medical decoction is that prepared by well boiling a bitter ginseng (the root of Aralia quinquefolia). Tea is also good. It is more than twenty years since J left my native country, and this alone as well as the ginseng decoction was the medicament to my body, and I had hardly any serious disease. 2 Red stone’ is identified with the ‘Red sand’ (‘Fan-sha), ie. cinnabar or red sulphurct of mercury, by the commentator Kasyapa. 2 The ‘Flying Cinnabar, if swallowed, enables a man to fly (KAsyapa). ’ These three pungent substances make ‘ teka/ula grucl,’ Mahavagga VI, 17, 1. For Pippalf, see Mahavagga VI, 6. 1, note 6. + Not identified. 136 A RECORD OF BUDDHIST PRACTICES. xxvut. There are in China more than four hundred kinds of herbs, stones, stalks, and roots, most of which are excellent and rare in colour and taste, and very fragrant in their smell; thereby we can cure any disease and control the temper. In the healing arts of acupuncture and cautery and the skill of feeling the pulse China has never been superseded by any country of Gambudvipa. (India); the medicament for prolonging life is only found in China. Our hills are connected with the Himalaya, and our mountains are a céntinuation of the Gandhamadana!; all sorts of things strange and precious are found there in abundance. From the character of men and the quality of things, China is called the ‘Divine Land.’ Is there any one, in the five parts of India, who does not admire China? All within the four seas respectfully receive the command. They, (Indians) say that Madgusri* is at present living,in that country (China). When they hear that one is a priest of the Deva-putra, all pay great honour and respect, wherever one goes. Deva means‘ heaven’ afid putra ‘son;’ the priest of the Deva-putra is more fully ‘One who has come " from the place where dwells the Son of Heaven of Kina (China)*, We i a er * This mountain range, GandhamAdana, is generally translated by ‘ Fragrant mountain,’ sometimes more fully, ‘Hsiang-tsui,’ i.e. ‘ Fragrant intoxicating moun- tain’ It is the region of the Anavatapta lake, from which the four rivers, Sita, Ganga, Sindhu, and Vakshu (Oxus) derive their source. This lake is perhaps the Manasarowar lake (lat. 31° N., long.