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rhyming couplets, and of short prose expo sitions of points of doctrine, pub lished about 1570. Many of these re-appear in the Adi Granth. Mul titudes of other Sakhls are cur rent and are attributed to Kablr. Sitkh Kidan, a manual of doc trine published in 1729. Amar Mul, an other manual of later origin. BHAKTI 29. Canon of the Vedanta, the Prasthanatraya A. THE UPANISHADS. The following eleven are usually studied : Chhdndogya, Kena, Aitareya, Kausfiitaki, Ssd, Kdthaka, MunJaka, Taittirlya, Brihaddranyaka, Svetdsvatara, Prasna. B. THE BHAGAVADGITA. C. THE VEDANTA-SUTRAS. NOTE. — In studying these sacred books the Advaiti follows 3ankara, the Vitishtddvaiti follows Ramanuja, the Dvaiti follows Madhva, and the £aivite sects follow Nilakantha. 38. PICTURE FROM KAIUR CHAURA MONASTERY, BENARES Surat Gopal and Dharm Das kneel in front of Kabir, while his son Kamal fans him. (Photograph kindly favoured by the Bishop of Lucknow.) K2 148 OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY 30. Northern Krishnaite Leaders Cenlnry XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII Name Place Works Language Nimba:ka Jayadeva Bengal Gita Govinda Sanskrit Namclev Ma rath a Land Hymns MarathI Vidyapati Chandl Das Mira Bai Bihar Bengal Mewar Sonnets Songs Songs Maithili Bengali Braj Vallabha Sur Das Chaitanya Mathura Agra Naciiya Sfir Stigar Braj Bengali Tukaram Maratha l^and A bhangs, hymns MarathI BHAKTI 149 31. The Modern Bhagavatas The Four Churches Philosophic Position Main Sect Chief Sub-sects W i— i a. SRT- SAMPRADAYA Founder : RAMANUJA Vi&shtadvaita, Modified monism Srl-sam- pradayas i. Ramanandls 2. KabTrpanthls 3. Khakis 4. Muluk-dasTs 5. Rai-dasTs 6. Sena-pantlns - II. BRAHMA- Dvatta, Madhvas SAMPRADAYA Founder : Dualism MADHVA fill. RUDRA- SAMPRADAYA Sitddhadvaila, Pure monism Vallabha- charls I. Mira Bais 2. Chaitanyas W h Founder : VlSHNU- fc-. SVAMI ~f. + IV. SANAKADI- SAMPRADAYA Founder : >, NlMIiARKA Dvaitadvaitu, Dualistic monism Nimavats i. Radha- Valla- bhas 2. Charan-dasis 3. Sakhi-bhavas NOTE.— Sampradaya means tradition. Thus 6ri-sampradaya means the tradition handed down from 3rl, i. e. Lakshml, the wife of Vishnu. The second tradition is said to come from Brahma, the Creator, the third from Rudra, i. e. 3iva, and the fourth from the sage Sanaka and his brethren. CHAPTER XI PERIOD OF WESTERN INFLUENCE PROTESTANT MISSIONS : REVIVAL OF HINDUISM From the Battle of Plassey onward: A.D. 1757- 1910 94. History. It is extremely difficult to give any satis factory account of the fragment of a period with which we deal in this chapter. The great forces which are at work have only begun to evolve the results with which they are pregnant ; so that the writer has to choose between a recital of facts without any attempt at appraisement and an esti mate of their meaning which must of necessity be largely of the nature of a prophecy. Yet it is so important to give the student of Hinduism some idea of the forces set in motion during the nineteenth century that the attempt must be made at all costs. Violence and confusion continued long after the battle of Plassey ; so that Western influence scarcely made itself felt in the life of the people until the dawn of the nineteenth century. Since then the whole political history of India is summed up in the gradual extension and consolidation of the British power and in its progressive adaptation to the needs of the people. The Mutiny and the recent outburst NOTE. — The above text is the first of the four clauses of the Bija, ' seed ', of Brahma doctrine drawn up by Devendra Nath Tagore : ' In the beginning there was only one supreme Brahman ; there was nothing else ; He created all this.' The language is Bengali. WESTERN INFLUENCE 151 of anarchism were but tragic episodes, and scarcely exercised any positive influence on the real movement of the time. Yet, though the period under review is very short, in no preceding period have such revolutionary changes been produced on the Indian mind. The only time in any way comparable with the present is that which we dealt with in our fourth chapter, when Essential Hinduism arose ; but that was a normal development compared with the upheaval we see around us to-day. Western influence is an atmosphere, a new climate, which has found its way into Indian life, and it acts as impercep tibly, as powerfully, and as universally as the atmosphere. Yet the channels through which this impalpable element has been brought into the environment of all Indians may be distinguished. (a) The most important of these is Western education, whether given in school or college, in the vernacular or English, by Government teacher, missionary, Hindu or Theosophist. (^) The second place is held by Christian teaching, whether oral or literary. Both the direct presentation of Christian ideas, religious, moral, and social, and the less welcome criticism of Hinduism, have been of incalculable service. (c} In the third rank stands Christian philanthropy, whether carried on by missionary societies or by Govern ment agencies. All that has been done for the sick, the famine-stricken, for orphans and lepers, for the ignorant and the downtrodden, has been potent to wake the conscience of India. The earnest efforts of the Government to rule for the good of the people, to treat all races, religions, and castes as equal, and to give every one strict justice, has been an object-lesson of the utmost power. (d) The brilliant work done by Western scholars on 152 OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY ancient Indian literature has, on the one hand, opened the eyes of Hindus to the real history of India and of their religion in contrast with the old traditions, but, on the other hand, has filled them with a new pride in their religion and has given thousands courage to remain within the Hindu fold. These forms of activity have created a new race of men, the educated classes ; and through them to-day India is being rejuvenated. Around us on every side the new life is pulsing, expanding, remaking the country. The railway, the post office, the telegraph, the steamer, and European manufactures and commerce, have touched the masses of India in some degree, but it is through the educated men that the new age is being inaugurated. They are marked by their English speech, by great enthusiasm for education, a passion for self-government, a desire for economic progress, a new attitude to women, fresh humanitarian feeling, and a consciousness that the new India of their dreams cannot be brought in without many reforms. All this is summed up to-day under the phrase ' the National Movement '. 95. Religion. Hindus frequently declare that Hinduism, largely as a result of many decades of devastation and chaos, had fallen very low indeed by the opening of the nine teenth century. There can be no doubt of the truth of this statement. Scholarship was seriously contracted ; spirituality remained only in the quiet places of the land ; a coarse ritualism was supreme in all the great centres of population ; and the more repulsive features of the religion, such as gross idolatry, immorality, infanticide, sail, hook- swinging, and other tortures, were very much in evidence. Unless this is understood, the course of events during the century is not comprehensible. During our period there has been no internal develop ment of Hinduism whatsoever. All that has to be chronicled is the results produced on Hinduism and the Hindus by Western influence. WESTERN INFLUENCE 153 The period under review falls very naturally into three subdivisions, 1800-30, 1830-75, 1875-1910. A. During the thirty years between 1800-30 the two most potent sources of influence upon the Hindu mind were, without doubt, the British Government and the Serampore missionaries. During those thirty years the idea that Britain was re sponsible for the welfare of India was first distinctly recog nized ; and the new spirit made itself manifest in a number of ways. The College of Fort William, Calcutta, was founded by Lord Wellesley to give Indian civilians a real knowledge of the people they were to govern. While the empire was steadily expanded, methods of government were as steadily improved, and new conceptions of policy took form. In 1826 began the great crusade against thagl, i. e. the system of strangling and robbing wealthy travellers ; in 1829 Bentinck put down sail ; and about the same time the long-continued crusade against female infanticide was begun.