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The Priest and Householder, When the updsaka, though he may have entered the path 80w4n, sees a priest, whether that priest be of the superior or inferior order, he must do him honour ; he must rise from his seat, and offer him worship; just as the prince, though he may afterwards be king, pays his teacher all respect and reverence. There are five ways in which the householder ought to assist the priest : — He must render him any service that he requires, in a kind spirit ; he must address him in a pleasant manner ; he mnst wish that the priest who is accustomed to come to his house to receive alms may be free from disease and sorrow ; in the morning he must present the priest with food, and when he is sick with medicine. There are five ways in which the priest ought to assist the householder : — He must avoid the taking of life, and keep the precepts ; he must wish that all creatures may be without sorrow ; when anything is declared on the subject of religion that he has not heard before, he must listen attentively ; he must explain the truths of religion properly to the updsakas, that they may 2k 498 A MANUAL OF BUDHISM. be able to uaderstand and practise them. {8ing£L6wdd€b-9utr€i aanne.) 17. The Husband and Wife. There are five ways in which the husband onght to assist the wife: — 1. He most speak to her pleasantly, and saj to her, Mother, I will present yon with garments, perfumes, and oma** mdnts. 2. He must speak to her respeot^lly, not using low words, such as he would use to a servant or slave. 3. He must not leave the woman whom he possesses by giving to her clothes, ornaments, &c., and go to the woman who is kept by another. 4. If she does not receive a proper allowance of food she will become angry; therefore she must be properly provided for, that this may be prevented. 5. He must give her ornaments, and other similar articles, according to his ability. {8ingaU wddorSutrO'Sa/iini.) In the discourse delivered by Yas6dhara-d^wi, in the presence of men, d6was, and brahmas, immediately previous to her death, she described the seven kinds of wives that there are in the world of men. 1. Wadhaka, the executioner.— This woman always thinks ill of her husband, though protesting continually that she loves him ; she associates with other men, and flatters them ; if her husband be a poor man, she asks him for something it is not in his power to give her, and then reproaches him because she does not receive it ; and she sits on a higher seat in his presence. Though such a woman should have a person beautiful as that of a d6wi, be of a respectable family, and possess many slaves ; she is not the wife of her husband; she is like a manacle tightly fastened by the executioner, or an iron collar encircling his neck, or a weapon always prepared to wound him, or a sword so sharp that it will cut a hair. 2. Ch6ri, the thief. — This woman is seldom in the house of her husband, but goes to the market-place, or the field, or wherever there is a multitude of people ; she is acquainted with many ways of sin ; she hides whatever property is brought into the house by her husband, hides it from him, but reveals it to other men ; she tells abroad his secrets ; she appears to despise any ornaments and other things that he gives her, and asks X. THE ETHICS OF BUDHISM. 499 pettishlj for what he does not give ; she shows no kindness to her husband's relatives or friends ; she shnns the company of the good, and associates with the bad. She is not like his wife, but like an ulcer on his body, or a cancer, or an incurable disease ; she is like a fire in a dry forest, or an axe for cutting down the tree of merit. 3. Swdmi, the ruler. — This woman does not in any way strive to benefit her husband, but to injure him ; she leaves the house, and runs hither and thither ; she lets the work of the house re- main undone ; her mind goes out after other men ; she is con- tinually eating ; she hankers after things that do not belong to her station ; she proclaims her own fame, and gives no credit to others ; she despises her husband, and rules him as if he was her slave, and is like a messenger sent from Yama to frighten him. These three descriptions of women, when they die, will be tor- mented in hell ; therefore their ways are to be avoided. 4. Mdtu, the mother. — This woman loves her husband as a mo- ther, takes care of his property, provides his meals at the proper time, and is always anxious for his prosperity ; when he does anything wrong she afEectionately reproves him, and threatens to return to her own relatives if he will not do that which is right ; she gives him good advice and recommends him to be industrious, loyal, and to go and hear bana. She is like a divine medicine, for the curing of all diseases, or a branch of the kalpa-tree, that gives whatever is requested from it. 5. Bh^^^i, the sister. — ^This woman pays the same reverence to her husband that a sister does to her brother ; she gives him all that is in the house ; she wishes that he may receive what- ever she sees others possess ; and she loves him alone, and no other man. 6. Sakhi, the faithful friend. — This woman is always thinking about her husband when he is absent, and looks out continually for his return ; it gives her pleasure to hear of him, and when he returns she is delighted to see him ; she associates with his friends, and not with his enemies ; his friends are her friends, and his enemies are her enemies ; she hides his faults and pro- claims aloud his goodness ; she stops those who are abusing him, and encourages those who praise ; she tells others of his virtues and greatness ; she keeps no secrets from him, and does not re- veal those with which he intrusts her ; she is sorry when any 2 k2 500 A MANUAL OF BUDHISM. misfortnne Happens to bim, and rejoices in his prosperily ; and slie proyides for him the best food. 7. Ddsi, the slave. — This woman does not resent the abuse of her husband, however brutal it may be ; she does all that is re* quired of her with alacrity ; she keeps at the utmost distance from all improper conduct with other men ; she first gives food that has been nicely prepared to her husband, or any guest there may be in the house, and then eats herself ; she retires to rest after her husband, and is up before he rises ; she is economical in her expenditure ; she commends and exalts her husband, but is herself lowly as a slave ; and she is like a helper in the procuring of merit, or a shield in warding off demerit." 18. The Master and Servant, There are five ways in which the master ought to assist the slave : — He must not appoint the work of children to men, or of men to chUdren, but to each according to his strength ; he must give each one his food and wages, according as they are required ; when sick, he must free him &om work, and provide him with proper medicine ; when the master has any agreeable and savoury food, he must not consume the whole himself, but must impart a portion to others, even to his slaves ; and if they work properly for a long period, or for a given period, they must be set free. There are five ways in which the slave must honour his master : — He must rise before his master awakes, and must not sleep until after he has retired to rest; he must not purloin his master's property, but must be content with what is given him^ he must not think as he works, I shall receive no benefit from this toil, but must go about his business cheerfully ; and when people are at any time collected together he must say, Who is like our master P we do not feel that we are servants, or that he is a master, thns proclaiming to others his praise. (^SmgdlSwddor tutroraafmS.) 19. The Friend, There are five ways in which one friend must assist another : • — By imparting to him of his own substance ; by speaking kind words to him ; by assisting him in his work ; by acting in the same way to him as he has done to you ; and by giving him a X. THE ETHICS OF BUDHISM. 501 portion of your gannentB, and omaments, if yon have anj, not hiding them from him.