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yana, about 350, and Saunaka, the teacher of A6vallLyana, about 400 ; and if then, considering the writers of Siitras anterior to Saunaka and posterior to Efttyftyana, we extend the limits of the Sautra period of literature from 600 to 200, we are still able to say, that there is no fact in history or literature that would interfere with such an ar- rangement. As an experiment, therefore, though as no more than an experiment, we propose to fix the years 600 and 200 b.c. as the limits of that age ^ Shadgurufiishja: TfVJ ^ ^TT^ t^ fRfIT f^^f ^^^Ofv ^1^:^^. ■>, ■? ^V& ^^tbc sd under this y^ rcvious to His imong the w^oxrA^ in the UnadLi-s^Ci^tr^ / golden omaTin.ex^t. \ 1 Arhat, a ^Bvx<3L<3L\ilV^ )lden diadem. \ ^VW f}\ ^ ' ('-• 184) tiri. y f ^^paA, a piie of Ijt^ 18 derived by the /x Sanskrit root, dt/i. i" rt of these "w^oxr^s the Un&di-s^t;x*a.s £ro grammarians ^^ Is Ac go, what go^^ or* is netimes'in ^¥x^ s^nse These deri^srati^ons, ba the Sanskx-l-fc ^T?^^<ar-a i^ Now, if :E>^n.VnLX ^^^^^j^:^^^ <3l if t.l^e V: ^ 1^^ goxjlLA <^^^^:r^^ d more cor r*J-^-^ IU>o^^^rius,^^^. ^^^'^^^--^^ itury B.C., Panini, h^ way into "fcl^^ /*"<*:' t*^ \V^ \^' .leM edbyDr. .A.^3.:CVr ep sajs: I'liB.^ d^*' the r^ ^ , was itseir o"f represents "tli. le weight l^o^ 80 cloBely '^ te identity c^^ra"-^ e actual go^^ ^^^^ >in 120 to ^^^^ lals, in aevic iX^v- €&-, -rhU-^ ^r dr^^ -^l^^^^.^ac^v^: ^^t: j(iar of and il **^, ^Peci*'^;^ J ^^^^^^^'^l *' ^J^ ^t'^*^ 246 sdXBA PERIOD. narius is not of so late a date in India as is generally supposed. Yet the earliest document where it occurs is the Sanchi inscription No. 1/ Bumouf remarked that he never found the word dindra used in what he considered the ancient Buddhist Siitras. It occurs in the Avad&na-6ataka, and in the Divy&yad&na. It would seem to follow, therefore, either that the Un&- di-siitras and P&nini must be placed later than Chan- dragupta, or that the Siitra in which this word is explained is spurious. It would not be right to adopt the latter supposition without showing some cause for it. It is well known that in a literature which is chiefly preserved by oral tradition, correc- tions and additions are more easily admitted than in works existing in MS. The ancient literature oi India was continually learnt by heart ; and even at the present day, when MSS. have become so common, some of its more sacred portions -must still be ac- quired by the pupil from the mouth of a teacher, and not from MSS. If new words, therefore, had been added to the language of India after the first com- position of the Undrdi- Sutras, there would be nothing surprising in a Siitra being added to explain such words. Happily, however, we are not left in this instance to mere hypothesis. Ujjvaladatta, the author of a commentary on the Un&di-siitras, forms a favourable exception to most Sanskrit commen- tators, in so far as he gives us in his Commentary some critical remarks on the readings of MSS. which he consulted. He states in his introduction that he had consulted old MSS. and commentaries, and he evi- dently feels conscious of the merit of his work, when 1 Journal A. S. B., toI. vi. p. 455. Notes on the facsimiles of the inscriptions from Sanchi near Bhilsa, by James Frinsep. sfiXBA PERIOD. 247 he says, " If anybody, after having studied this com- mentary of mine, suppresses my name in order to put forth his own power, his virtuous deeds will perish."^ Now in his remarks on our S^tra, Ujjvala- datta says, ^' Dind.ra means a gold ornament, but this S&tra is not to be found in the SMivritti and Deva- vritti."^ If, therefore, the presence of this word in the Unddi-sMras would have overthrown our calcu- lations as to the age of P&nini and his predecessor who wrote the SAtras, the absence of it except in one SAtra, which is proved to be of later date, must serve to confirm our opinion. Cosmas Indicopleustes re- marked that the Roman denarius was received all over the world ; and how the denarius came to mean in India a gold ornament we may learn from a pas* sage in the "Life of .Mahfi,vtra."^ There it is said that a lady had around her neck a string of grains and golden dinars, and Stevenson adds that the custom of stringing coins together, and adorning with them children especially, is still very common in India. That Ujjvaladatta may be depended upon when he makes such statements with regard to MSS. or com- mentaries, collated by himself, can be proved by another instance. In the UnlLdi-Siitras lY. 184, we read : " kritrikripibhyah kltan." Out of the three words of which the etymology is given in this Sfttra, kripitanij water, and kiritamy a crest, are known as ancient words. The former occurs in the Gana 3 Ealpa-s^tra, translated by Stevenson, p. 45. b4 248 StTSiA PERIOD. Kripanadi (P&n. VIII. 2. 18. 1.); the other in the Gana arddharch&di. The third word, however, tiritaj a tiara, has never been met with in works previous to P&nini. Now, with regard to this word, Ujjvaladatta observes that it is left out in the Ny&sa.^ The au- thority of this work, a commentary by Jinendra on the Eft^ik&vritti, would, by itself, be hardly of sufficient weight; but on referring to the MS. of Mahftbhdshya at the Bodleian Library, I find that there also the SAtra is quoted exactly as Ujjva- ladatta said, i. e. without the root from which tirita is derived. Having thus found Ujjvaladatta trust- worthy and accurate in his critical remarks, we feel inclined to accept his word, even where we cannot control him, or where the presence of certain words in the Sfttras might be explained without having recourse to later interpolations. Thus st&pah^ which occurs III. 25, might be explained as simply meaning a heap of earth. Nay, it is a word which, in its more general sense, is found in the Veda. Yet the most common meaning of stApa is a Buddhist monument, and as we are told by Ujjvala, that this word does not occur in the Sativritti, and that in the Sarvasva it is derived in a different manner, we can have little doubt that it was not added till after the general Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays, ii. 40, mentions this work in his list of Sanskrit grammars : ** NjAsa or Ka^ikft vritti pan* jika by Jinendra : another exposition of the Ka^ik^ vritti, with explanatory notes by Rakshita." He adds, however, with his usual caution : *< I state this with some distrust, not having yet seen the book. The Nyasa is universally cited ; and the Bo- dhinyasa is frequently so. Yopadeva's Kavyakamadhenu quotes the Ny^a of Jinendra and that of Jinendrabuddhi." of Buddhism ^ negative argu ) the suppositi^^^^^ e composed bef^ /y one more inaX;^ i&di-s&tras, J\xi<d. er of a Baad^Yi^i j/i ned to Jinsi cixxd presence of ^loA^ xv<^ ^ lie doubt on -fcl:^^ clt ^ ras. In a pa.ssa.ge ^ where he lia.^ oce^ f, among otlr^^x* ^w^ he MSS. OTOXt; *l:xe i )e derived. Xt ie^ eqvia jarl. t which has *ln.t:a.s l^eei^^ ttrngement^ o"f ^Vi.^ S'CLt> jeofthe XJT>fiLa.x.s<itr^^,^^_^ *V. WOO^ ^ W^^ ^'"^''y scholar. f ^^:J.^ *f'/AeJ to the itl ^ ^^ however (Rv. *-^ 9Uote iSiie SMra. tfee etymology of ^// JS fro™ which Jina ^40 V AlooutcVtoBO- o t\ve as rather -fcxreTngtlcieO^J^T' -^^ le whole litex-.-fc-re of ^j,t^^ aud 20O :b- <3- e -fclxe Sii*' _^ later ' is one clst^ fore we 1^^ M. They fc r very xi.^ f importcfcX.<5^- their o^wvx* , ^ ,-, -^e ^ — s&oli occur i >rd Bt^pa- **^7L o* quot^ ly.i.24. T- f^~ i, fiaP^ from r-oo* ^'^J^ Tlxey Lxxa. later ^'^ J^^^^%o tie CTjS?^^ 250 ^ABISISHTAS. less interest to the student, and though it shows clear traces of intellectual and literary degeneracy, is not on that account to be overlooked by the historian. Some of the more substantial Pariliishtas profess to be composed by authors whose names belong to the SAtra period. Thus Saunaka is called the author of the Charanavy^ha by the commentator of Pd,raskara's Grihya-sAtras, R&ma-krishna ^ (MS. E.LH. 440. 577. 912.) ; a writer no doubt quite untrustworthy where he gives his own opinions, but yet of some import- ance where he quotes the opinions of others. K&- ty&yana is quoted as the author of the Chhandoga- pari^ishta.^ The same Eul^ika, who is known as the author of the Sfttras for the Atharvana, is mentioned as the author of the Atharvana-pari^ishtas also.