English
- ' ^ A * The proper meaning of Sakha and Pratii^khya Difference between ^kha and Charana Difference between Charana and Parishad • Character of Parishads, in ancient and modern Times Legal Siitras, belonging to the Charanas The original sources of the " Laws of Manu," &c. . The threefold Division of Law The Prati6akhya of the Sakala-6akha of the Rig-veda by Saunaka ...-•• The PratiAakhya of some 6akha of the Taittiriya-veda The Prati6akhya of the Madhyandina-sakha of the Yajur veda by Katy&yana .... The Prati^khya of some Sakha of the Atharva-veda List of Teachers quoted in the PratiAakhyas, the Nirukta, and Panini ... No Prati6akhya required for the Sama-veda General character of the Pratisakhyas The metrical Vedanga on Siksha The Mandiiki-Siksha The Second Vedanga, Chhandas or Metre . Treatise by Saunaka Treatise by Katy&yana The Nidana-sCltra of the Sama-veda The Treatise ascribed to Pingala . Lost Works on Metre, by Yaska, and Saitava Nomenclature of Metres The Third Vedanga, Vyakarana or Grammar Panini and his predecessors . The Unadi-sCttras .... The Phitsiitras of Santana . The Fourth Vedanga, Nirukte or Etymology Page 108 109 111 J 13 113 116 117 118 118 119 125 128 129 132 132 133 135 137 138 139 142 143 144 145 146 147 147 147 147 147 148 149 150 150 151 152 152 CONTENTS. Xlli Page Taska and bis predecessors . . . . .153 Distinction between Yaska's Nirukta and tbe Commentary on tbe Nirakta . . . . . . 154 Botb works divided into three parts . 155 Naigbantuka, Naigama (Aikapadika), Daivata . 155 History of tbe Science of Language in India and Greece . 158 The flftbVed^nga^Kalpa or the Ceremonial . 169 The Kalpa-B^as, based on the Brabmanas • . .169 Some Brabmanas resembling SCLtras, some Sutras resembling Brabmanas , . . . . .191 Distinction between Brabmanas and Sttras . . . 171 ' Origin of tbe Brabmanas ..... 172 System of tbeir collection . . . .173 The threefold division of tbe ceremonial leads to the threefold division of tbe Britbmanas .... 173 Tbe Adbvaryu priests, and tbe Taittiriyaka . .173 The modern Sakbft of tbe V&jasaneyins and their Sanbit& . 175 The Udg&tri priests and their Sanhit& . .175 The Hotri priests . . . .175 The Rig-veda-sanbitft . .175 The three collections of Br&hmanas • • .176 The Kalpa-sdtras presuppose the existence of Br&bmana- ^akhfts .177 They are intended for more than one Charana . . 180 Tbey lead to tbe estabbsbment of new Charanas . • 182 They have no authorised variousreadings, like tbeBr&hmanas 182 Tbey were handed down in a different manner . . 183 Difference between ancient and modern SCttras . .184 No Kalpaps^tras quoted in tbe nominative plural • .185 The Kalpa-stltras cause tbe extinction of tbe Brabmanas . 186 They absorb tbe ancient ^has ... . .187 Tbe three classes of Charanas .... 187 Sanbit&-cbaranas ...... 188 BriLbmana-cbaranas ...... 189 S^tra-charanas . . . .193 Modem character of tbe Sutras .... 196 List of Kalpa-sfltras ..... 198 Tbe Sm&rtiksiitras . . .200 Tbe Grihya-sttras different from the Sftmayacbarika-^dtras 201 Meaning of Gribya . . . .202 Meaning of F&kayajna . . . . .203 XIV CONTENTS. Pago Character of the Grihya Bacrifices .... 204 The S&xnajacharikay or Dharma-B&traa . • . 206 Their modern date ...... 806 The Foar Castes, the degradation of the Sftdras . . 207 The Ten Siitras of the Sama-veda .... 209 The Sixth Yed&nga, Jjotisha, or Astronomy. . . 210 No Work on Astronomy written in Siitras . .211 The metricalJjotisha • . . . .2]! Astronomical elements in the Hjmn% Brfthmanas, and SAtras ". .212 General character of the Yedangas • • . .214 Their practical object ..... 214 Their Authors do not claim to be inspired . • .214 Their peculiar style ...... 214 Their position as intermediate between the Yedio and non- Yedic literature . • . • , .215 How to fix their date ..... 215 The Works ascribed to dannaka and his School • . 215 Katyayana's Sarvanukrama to the Rig-veda • . 216 Fiye previous Anukramantsi ascribed to Saunaka . . 216 Their style ....... 217 The Brihaddevatft and its Authors • . . .218 Number of Hymns, Yerses, and Words, according to different AnukramaiDiis ...... 219 The three Anukramanis of the Yajur-veda . • . 222 The Anukramanis of the S&ma-veda ; two classes . . 226 The Brihatsarv&nukramant to the Atharva^a . . 228 How to fix the age of Saunaka and Katy&yana as Authors of the Anukramanis ..... 229 The peculiarities of style in l^unaka and E&tyayana • 229 Shadguruiishya's account of Saunaka and his Pupils . 230 Their Works . . . * . .233 Fiye generations of Teachers .... 239 E&tyayana, the same as Yararuchi • , • . 239 Somadeva's account of Eaty&yana and Panini . . 240 Indian tradition places Eaty&yana and Pa^ni contempora* neous with King Nanda ..... 242 Nanda, the successor of Chandragupta, the contemporary of Alexander ...... 242 Date of E&ty&yana in the second half of the Fourth Century, B.C . 248 ' CONTENTS. XV A\>UmtfiT^ t^r?** *^^ commentapy of Katyajanain theFirst ^*^ CeiitutT^/^om eoo to 200 Bd ' ' ^^^ ThewotdBaS^^^^-^ • -245 The Parifiab^ r?f ^^t branch of Vodic literature . 249 Paii&btwof *^^ tg-veda, SAma-veda, Yigur-veda, Atharva- vedft • r*v.^-^ 1. *. ^. ' • • .252 GradtulBAieO^ ^**^ -"^rabmamc Literature . . 257 The Paii&iah\^ mark the decline of Brahmanism . . 257 They are coutenaporary with the PoHtioal Ascendancy of Buddhism- • • • • . . 257 Buddhism, before Afoka, was but modified Brahmanism . 260 The Chronology of the earUer Period of Buddhism is purely theoretical - . ^ .262 The Northern Chronology, and its ral^o/^ 2^3 The Southern Chronology and its rationale . [ 266 Both Chronologies irreooncUeable with Greek Chronology ' 275 The date of Chandragupta, the basis of Indian Chronology ! 275 Classical Accounts of Sandrocyptus . . '^^ • Indian Accounts of Chandragupta . , ] * 070 Coincidences between the two . , [ * 0170 Apparent differences explained . . ' * 079 Buddhist Fables invented to exalt Chandragupta's descent ' 280 Brahmanic Fables inyented to lower Chandragupta's descent 295 Chandragupta s real Date brings the real beginnimr of the CeyloneseErato477,B.C. . -^ *h5 e ^^^ An dates before Chandragupta are merely hypothetical 299 The compromise between the different systems of Chronoloirv proposed by Lassen . . , oqq KSty&yana's real Date . ; ' ^ Other Arguments ui support of K&ty&yana's Date considered 301 Siitra Works that cannot be fixed chronologically . 310 - Sfttras quoted, some lost, others never committed to writini? 811 Gradual change of Style in the SAtras . .311 CHAPTER U. THE BRiHMANA PEBIOD. Aranyakas intermediate between SAtras and Brihrnanas 313 Heaning of Aranyaka . .313 XVI CONTENTS. Page Aranjakas considered as ^ti, bat some of them ascribed to human Authors ..... 314 Aranyakas presuppose Br&hmanas . .315 The Upanishads, the principal Portion of the Aranjakas • 316 The Upanishads quoted as the highest Authority by yarious Philosophers . . . . . .316 New Upanishads supplied when required . . .317 Upanishads in the Sanhit^s . . . .317 Upanishads in Aranyakas and Br^hmanas • • .317 Later Upanishads unattached . • . .318 Etymology of Upanishad ..... 318 The Upanishads regarded as the repositories of the Highest Ejiowledge ...... 319 Great Variety of Opinion in the Upanishads • . 320 Growing Number of Upanishads .... 324 The Names of the Authors of the principal Upanishads un- known ....... 327 The Aranyakas and their Reputed Authors . . 329 The Bphadftranyaka and Y&jnayalkya . 329 Attempts at fixing the aige of Y^nayalkya . . 330 The Taittiriy&ranyaka . . . .334 The Aitareyaranyaka ..... 336 The Kauslutaki-^anyaka ..... 337 Modem form, but ancient matter .... 338 Literary Works alluded to in the Aranyakas . • 340 Aranyakas, intermediate between Br&hmanas and Siitras • 341 TheBrabmanas . . . . .342 Definition of the word Br&hmana .... 342 Sayana's definition ...... 342 MadhusMana's definition ..... 344 •Origin of the Br&hmanas, &c., &c. .... 345 The Br&hmanas of the Bahyrichas . . . .