English
(a2) The relation between the doctrines of Mahasanghikas and those of Mahaya- - na-Siitras on cosmic existence Paces, 1-43 2-7 7-16 16-18 19 454, 46-68 69-74 74-86 xiv CONTENTS (d) The relation between the doctrines of Mahasanghikas and that of Mahiyana-.iitras regarding the Buddha-kaya conception 3. (a) The relation between the idea of Buddha’s Introspectional percep. tion and the doctrine of Mahayana- Sitras regarding the cosmic exist- ence (6) The relation Between. the Buddha’ 8 Ontological perception upon his own personality and Mahayana Buddhalogy 4, Interrelation among the Buddha’s Ontological perception and doc- _ trines of the Mahasanghikas as well as of Mahayana-Sutras regarding human life and their points of agreement Chapter 111. Why did the men of the Mahasanghika schools coin and use the terms Mahayana and Hinayana Chapter IV, How the Mahasanghikas found out or coined the terms Mahayana and Hinaydna ... 1. Theterm Ekayana 2. The terms Buddhayana and Bodhi- sattvayana A historical study of the techs Budda- yana and Bodhisattvayana ... 8. The term Mahay4dna ... wee Pager. 86-91 91-103 103-113 106-113 114-116 117-148 123-124 124-128 128-141 141-148 CONTENTS xv Part ll. . Chapter I, ; Page. The different applications of the terms Mahayana and MHinayana in the two periods of the making of Maha- yana Buddhism (or Mahayana-Sitta period) and of Mahayana teachers (or Mahayana-School period) .. .. 149-158 Chapter ITI. Applications of the terms Mahayana and Hinayana among the founders of Mahayana school and their followers ... 1£9-183 Application by ASvaghosaI ... 159-160 Application by Nagarjuna + 161-165 Application by Aryadeva .. 165-167 Application by Sthiramati .. 167-169 Application by Maitreyanatha ... 169-172 Application by Asaiga eee 172-174 Application by Vasubandhu ..,_ 174-180 Application by Aévaghosa II ... 180-182 Application by Sthiramati . 182-183 SO WWM Tw ww Wo Chapter ITT. The application of the terms Mahayana and Hinayana by the teachers of Nalanda University... wed ... 183-193 16. 16. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Anesaki, Dr. M.—Consideration of Indian Religious History (Japanese). Bunyu, Dr. Nanjio—Catalogue of Chinese Tripitaka. Barua, Dr. B. M.—Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy (Eng.). Beal—Records of Western World (Eng.). —Translation of the Life of Huen-Tsang (Eng.). Bengali Visvakosa (Beng.). Bendal, C.—Catalogue of Buddhist Sans. in the Cambridge Library. Bhandarkar, Sir R. G.—Vaisnavism, Saivism (Eng.). Bibliotheca Buddhica—Saddharmapundarika-Sitra (Sans.). Bibliotheca Indica—Astasahasrika-Prajiiapiramita- Sitra (Sans.). ' Childer—Pali Dictionary. Ch’ang Bundle—Vol, 2 of Chinese Tripitaka. s —Vol. 3 Pe ” —Vol. 9 ” 5 —Vol. 20 Ee Chanda, Ramaprasad—The Indo-Aryan Races (Eng.), Chih Bundle Vol. 5 of Chinese Tripitaka. E. BR. E.—Vol. 2. Vol. 8. Vol. 11. Hopkins—Religions of India (Eng.). Hoang Bundle, Vol. 10 of Chinese Tripitaka. 23. BIBLIOGRAPHY xvii In Bundle—Vol. I of Chinese Tripitaka. I-pu-tsun-lun-lun (Chinese). Jacobi—Jaina Sitras (Eng). Jih Bundle—Mahaprajiiaparamita-Sitra (Chinese). Vol. 1, Chinese Tripitaka. Journal of Letters, Vol. I, Calcutta University. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Royal Asiatic Society (London), Societe Asiatique (Eng. & Fr.), Lai Bundle, Vol. 1 of Chinese Tripitaka. ra Vol. 2 a 5 Vol. 3 er ry) Vol. 7 ” hs Vol. 8 es PP Vol. 9 - Vol. 10 ‘s Lalita Vistara—J. R. A. 8.,-1900 (Eng.). Lévi, Dr. S.—Mahayana-siitralankara-Sastra-karika (Sans.). Legge—Fa-hien (Eng.). Macdonell—Vedic Mythology (Eng.). Mahavagga (Pali). Mahavarhsa (Pali). Marshall, Sir John—A Guide to Sanchi (Eng.), Mayeda, Dr. Eyun—Historical Discourse of Mahéa- yana Buddhism (Japanese). Matsumoto, Dr. B.—Chugai-Nippo (Japanese). | Mitra, R. L.—Nepalese Buddhist Literature (Eng.). Mrs. Rhys Davids—The Book of the Kindred Sayings (Eng.). ° Katha-vatiu-(Eng.). . xvii 35. 36. 37, 38. 39. 40. 41. 48, BIBLIOGRAPHY Nagarjuna—Prajiaparamita-Sastra (Chinese Tr.). Dasabhiimi-vibhasa-Sastra (Chinese Tr.). Madhyamika-Sastra (Sans.) " Dvadasa-nikaya-Sastra (Chinese). Oldenberg, Dr. H.—Introduction to Vinaya Pitaka _ (Eng.) Pargiter—Dynasties of the Kali-age (Eng.). Philosophical Journal of Imperial University of Tokyo (Japanese). Potssin, Dr. La Vallee—E. R. E., Vol. 2 | BE. R. E., Vol. 8 } (Eng.). Rhys Davids—Buddhist India | Dialogues of the Buddha (Eng.). Fe - Buddhist Birth Stories Raychaudhuri, Dr. Hemchandra—Early History of the Vaisnava Sect (Eng.). 99 tB) . Sai Bundle, Vol. 10 of Chinese Tripitaka. Sastri, M. M. H. P.—J. B. O. R. 8., Vol. VI, Part I (Eng.). ee Pe Saundaranandakavyam (Sans.). 8. B. E., Vol. XXI, XVII (Eng.). . _E, Senart—Introduction of La Mahavastu (Fr.). 1 —~Mahavastu (Sans.). Shen Bundle, Vol. 8 of Chinese Tripitaka. is Vol. 4 Smith—Asoka (Eny.).. ~~Early History of India (3rd Ed.), (Eng.). San-ron-gen-gi (Chinese). BIBLIOGRAPHY. =x 49. Su Bundle, Vol. 1 of Chinese Tripitaka -Vol,.2 % 9 Vol,-3 : 2 Vol. 5 $52 Vol. 8 ie Vol. 11 - 50. Suzuaki, T—Awakening of Faith. Outlines of Mahayana {Eng.). ‘Buddhism 51. Takakusu, Dr. J —A Pali Chrestomathy {Pali and Eng.). iby I-Tsing (Eng.). 52. Tien Bundle; Vol. 1 of Chinese Tripitaka. es Vol. 2 ‘i ss ” Vol. 3 ” ” ” Vol. 7 ” 99- ” Vol. 9 ” 99 ” Vol. 1] ” 3 58. Transactions of the Asiatic Societies of Japan, Vol. XXXV (Japanese). 54. Ui Dr. H.—Nyayapravesatarka-Sastra (Japanese). 3, ~~An Article of the Samkhya-system. ~ (Japanese). 55. Umada, G.—History of Indian Buddhism (Japanese). ‘66. Vidyabhusan, Dr. Satish Chandra— _ “J. B. A.8., 1900, (Eng.)._ Indian Logic 57. Wang Bundle, Vol. 1 of Chinese Tripitaka. é Vol, 2. ss Vol. 3 ‘ Vol. 4 3 ” 39 KX 59. 60. 61. “62. BIBLIOG RAPHY Wang Bundle, Vol. 5 of Chinese Tripitaka. Pe Vol. 6 Pa ‘ Vol. 7 : Vol. 10 es Watanabe, Dr. K.—European Buddhism (Japanese). Wassibiff—Buddhism (Eng.). Yich Bundle, Vol. 1 of Chinese Tripitaka. os Vol. 2 or ss Vol. 8 ‘3 ” Vol. 5 re . Vol. 6 ” “5 Vol. 7 Ls a Vol. 8 a ’ Vol. 9° Pe Yi Bundle, Vol. 1 of Chinese Tripitaka. W.. H. D. Rouse—Siksa-samuccaya (Eng. Tr.). Pali-Nikavas. A Historical Study of the terms Mahayana and Hinayana and the Origin of Mahayana Buddhism. Introductory Note. From Yarious points of view, Buddhisra has been divided into several features with different terms according to different schools in different countries, as:-— ‘Northern and Southern Buddhism,” “Mahayana and Hinsyans Buddhism,” ‘“ Gubyayana. and Vv yaktoyana,” and “ Sahajayana and Kathinayana,” ee. Through these terms different features of Buddhism have been characterized. However, among them, the most important and at the same-time of eammon application to all Buddhist communities in the world are the terms “Northern and Southern ” and the terms “ Mahayana and Htnayina,” | The former is ‘ geographical’ and it has been formed by European scholars of _Buddhism in modern times, while the latter is ‘doctrinal’ and it has been formed by men of a certain school of Buddhism in ancient times ; -as these are found in the. oldest Mahayana stitras which existed before the time of Nagarjuna )(who flourished about the latter half of the 2nd century and the first half of the 8rd century A.D.). These terms are more important than the former, inorder to understand the doctrines of Buddhism as well as its history after king Piyadasi Asoka. For these reasons, there have been attempts by several scholars of Buddhism in the East as: well 2 ORIGIN OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM as in the West, to explain them.’ They have written on this subject, yet much still remains to he done. For a proper and thorough study of this most important problem we should ré-state the whole position anew and try to reach any final conclusion, if possible. Therefore, as the aim of this thesis, my humble self would make an attempt to give a clear explanation on the same subject dealing with a historical study of the terms Mahayana and Hinayana and the origin of Mahi- yana Buddhism. In order to understand the subject well and many other important problems of Buddhism involved in it, we shall discuss in this introductory note, first, in short, the Geographical terms, and then we shall ‘take up more fully the doctrinal terms of Buddhism, because the Jatter are of the most important significance for our purpose, and at last we will discuss the other said terms too, as the adjunct terms of doctrine. I. The terms “ Northern and Southern ”— Geographical Division of Buddhism. _ As I have: told you, this naming was made by European Buddhist scholars after the discovery of many Mahayana Sanskrit manuscripts from Nepal by Mr. Brian Houghton Hodgson in the beginning of the last century.’ 1 Dr. Byun Mayeda has a discourse on this snbject in his ‘‘ Historical Discourse of Mahayana Buddhism,” p.117.-(in Japanese). . Dr, Bun-zabura, Matsmoto, Prof., Kyoto Imperial University, in a paper appearing in the Buddhist daily newspaper “ the Chugai-Nippo,” Sunday, July, 27, 1919. Dr. T. Suzuki, in his “ Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism.” \f? Dr. .L. de La Vallée Poussin in his Jearned article in the BE. R. F., Vol. 8 pp. 328-386, : \7' Dr. Satis Chandra Vidyabhnushana in J, R. A. 8. 1900, pp. 29 ff. * Full account of his biography and his works has been given in the preface of Nepalese Buddhist literature of Dr. R. Mitra, 1882, Calcutta, and in the preface of Catalogue of Buddhist Sanskrit mannecripts in the Cambridge library, by GC. Bendal, 1883, etc.