English
I have made efforts to write this only with the view that the research scholars of philosophy in the world may be able to recognise their oneness. With my scanty knowledge I have dealt with the subject with a pure heart; if there should be any mistakes the learned may kindly inform me of them; for which I shall ever be grateful to them. Saugar C. P. ) BRAHMACHARI SITALPRASAD JAIN, 24— 10—1932 Chandawadi, Surat. LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED. BUDDHIST LITERATURE. (1) Buddhist Wisdom, the mystery of the self....... by George Grimm, Munich, Germany. (2) Majjhim Nikaya Bhaya bherava sutta chaturtha. (3) a Sati patthan sutta dasamam. (4) i. Mula pariyaya sutta dasamam. (5) . Aruja parlyasana sutta 26. (6) # Maha malumba suttam chatut- tham 64. (7) The word of the Buddha by Nyana Tiloka Mahathera, Dodunduva, (Ceylon). (8) The Doctrine of the Buddha by George Grimm, Germany (1926). (9) Some Sayings of the Buddha according to Pali Canon translated by F. L. Woodward, M.A., Cantab, Ceylon. (1925). (10) Dhammapada translated by F. Max Muller. Sacred Books of the East Vol. X (1881). (11) Sutta Nipata translated by G. V. Fausbold (1881). (12) Visuddha Magga of Buddha Ghosha translated by P. Maung Tue. (13) The Life of the Buddha by Edward J. Thomas, M.A., D. Litt (1927). XX LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED (14) Sacred Books of the East Vol. XVIX by F. Max Muller. Buddha Charita by Asvaghosha. (15) Buddha Chariya Hindi by Monk Rahula Sankrityayana (1985 v). (16) Samyutta Nikaya avakata samyutta (10). (17) Do. Chando (13). (18) Majjhim Nikaya algaddipama sutta 22. (19) Samyutta Nikaya (4) Salayalam Vaggo. (20) Sacred Books of the East Vol. XI (1881). Mahaparinibbanasutta translated by T. W. Rhys Davids. (21) Tuvataka Sutta of Sutta Nipata by Fausbold (1881). (22) Sacred Books of the East III by T. W. Rhys Davids. Dialogues of the Buddha from D.N.P.II (1910). (23) Majjhim Nikaya Sammiditthi Sutta 9th. (24) Manuscript Remains of the Buddhist Literature in Eastern Turkestan by A. F. Rudolf Hoernle (1916). (25) Majjhim Nikaya Savvasava sutta dutiyam. (26) Digha Nikaya Sangita suttanta 3; 33. (27) Samsara by Bhiksu Narada (Ceylon) aes (28) Bodhisatta Ideal by do. (29) Ma§jhim Nikaya Sallekha Sutta athamam. (30) Digha Nikaya (3) Singalo Vada Sutta 37. (31) Anguttara Nikaya 5-177. List OF WORKS CONSULTED Xxl (32) Sutta Nipata Dhammika Sutta. (33) Majjhim Nikaya Vatthapanna sutta (7). (34) Lankavatara Sutta published by Bunyin Nanjio, M.A., Otam University, Kyoto (Japan). (35) Majjhim Nikaya Maha Siha Nada Sutta (12). Note. These Buddhist books can be had at the Mahabodhi Society, Saranath Benares; Mahabodhi Society, + A, College Square, Calcutta and the Imperial Library, Calcutta. JAINA LITERATURE. (1) Samaya Sdra Prakrit by Kunda Kunda Acharya of 49 V. S. (1st Cent. B.C.) (2) Asta Pahuda by do. (3) Panchdstikaya by do. (4) Niyamasadra by do. (5) Tattvartha Sutra by Uma Swami Acharya of 81 V.S. (1st Cent. A.D.). (6) Ratna Karanda Sravakachara by Samanta Bhadra Acharya (Ist Cent. A.D.). (7) Sarvartha Siddhi by Pujyapada Acharya of the 4th Cent. A.D. (8) Samadhi Sataka by do. (9) Purushartha Siddhiupaya by Amrit Chandra Acharya of the 10th Cent. A.D. (10) Tattvartha Sara by do. (11) Samaya Sara Kalasa do. (12) Sravakachara by Amitagati Acharya of the 10th Cent. A.D. Xxil LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED (13) Ekatva Bhavana by Padmanandi of the 10th Cent. A.D. (14) Siddha Stuti by do. (15) Ekatva Saptati by do. (16) Apta Svarupa (17) Sara Samuchchaya by Kulabhadra Acharya. (18) Tattvdnusdsana by Nagasena Muni. (19) [stobadesa by Pujyapada Acharya 4th Cent. A.D. (20) Atmdnusasana by Gunabhadra Acharya 9th Cent. A.D. (21) Laghu Samayika Patha by Amitigati Acharya of 10th Cent. A.D. (22) Nischaya panchdsat by Padmanandi Acharya of 10th Cent. A.D. (23) Yogasdra by Yogindracharya. (24) Paramatma prakasa by Yogindracharya. (25) Tattva Sara by Devasena of the 9th Cent. A.D. (26) Dravya Sangraha by Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravarti of the 9th Cent. A.D. (27) Vairagya Mdla by Chandra of 16th Cent. A.D. (28) Brahat Sdmdyika by Amitagati Acharya of the 10th Cent. A.D. (29) Sadbotha Chandrodaya by Padmanandi Acharya of the 10th Cent. A.D. (30) Svafambhu Stotra by Samantabhadra Acharya of the lst Cent. A.D. 31) Jnanalochana Stotra by Vadiraja Acharya. List oF WoRKS CONSULTED XXII (32) Subhasita Ratna Sandoha by Amitagati Acharya. (33) Gomat Sara by Nemichandra_ Siddhanta Chakravarti of the 9th Cent. A.D. (34) Mulachara by Battakera. (35) Jnanarnaua by Subbachandra Acharya of lith Cent. A.D. All these books are printed and can be had from— (1) The Digambar Jain Publishing House, Chanda- wadi, Surat. _ (2) The Jain Grantha Ratnakar Office, Hirabag, Girgaum, Bombay. Note.—Nos. 13, 14, 15, 22, and 29, are included in one book Padmanandi Pancha Vimsatika. Nos. 16, 17, 23, 28, and 31 are only in Sanskrit and are included in Siddhanta Saraadi Sangraha, Manekchand Grantha Mala No. 21. Nos. 18, 21, 25, and 27 are in Sanskrit and are included in Tattvanusasanadi Sangraha, Manekchand Grantha Mala No. 13. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, and 33, are translated into English also and can be had from (1) The Jain Publishing House, Ajitashram, Lucknow (Oudh). (2) Jain Publishing House, Bijnor (U.P.) (3) The Jaina Mission Society, 436, Mint Street, Madras. Pray < & JAINISM AND BUDDHISM CHAPTER I NIRVANA, MOKSHA OR LIBERATION HE meaning of the word Nirvdna is extinction, while the word Moksha means “ liberation.” Ex- tinction of the mundane condition is Nirvana; and liberation from the same is Moksha. Both the terms thus contain and express the same idea. It is gene- rally supposed that Buddhism preaches the. philosophy b of ‘‘ transitoriness ””’ or “ destruction ;”’ that it does not believe in the indestructibility of the soul or in the permanence of Nirvana. It is this supposition which has led to the general notion that the word Nirvana means total destruction or annihilation. The old Pali books of Buddhism, however, show that the Nirvana of Buddhism is not “annihilation,” but is a_ positive condition of the soul. As a result of elucidative discussions with the Principals of the Vidyalankar College, Kelaniya, and the Vidyodaya College, Colombo, (Ceylon) and with the English-educated Buddhist Monk, Narad Maitreya of Vajrarama Bambalpitiya (Ceylon), as well as with other Buddhist monks of Ceylon, I have come to know that Nirvdna is neither annihilation nor non-existence of the soul, but that ; | Z JAINISM AND BUDDHISM it is an indescribable condition. Relying on the des- cription of Nirvana, as given in the Pali books, they strongly maintain that Nirvana is not annihilation. The “ Hindu Organ,” Jaffna, (Ceylon) dated the 19th May, 1932, contains an article on the subject of Nirvana by the Buddhist Monk B. Anand Maitreya, Belangoda, (Ceylon). Therein says the learned monk :-— Nirvana is not nothingness. As regards those things which do not tend to freedom from sorrow, the Buddha was silent. This is because his only aim was to lead the suffering world to real happiness. Nirvana is holiness. Though it is neither this nor that, Nirvana is not nothingness, yet it is a third possibility.” In “Buddhist Wisdom, The mystery of the self’’, George Grimm (Munich, Germany, akademi- estrasse 19/II) says :— “ It is characteristic of modern materialism to have chosen the first alternative, that of absolute annihila- tion, despite the Buddha’s repeated assurances that he does not teach annihilation, but on the contrary, shows a way to the Imperishable, the Deathless.” (Page 86). Again he says :— “The Buddha further explains and teaches that extinction applies only to the three “flames” of lust, hate and delusion (the three kinds of thirst for sensation) ang for this reason he defines Nibbadnam. the goal of sainthood, as Tanha Nibbanam, literally, the extinction .of thirst. The holy life with the NIRVANA, MOKSHA OR LIBERATION 3 subime one is lived for the extinction of craving.” (Page 57.) In Majjhima Nikdya Bhaya Bhairava Sutta 4th, in the Pali language, we find that Goutam Buddha has shown how he advanced himself and then declared that Nirvdna is not extinction, but is a_ blissful condition. The Pali text is: “So evam samahite chitte pari-suddhe pariyodate adnangame vigatupakkilese mudubhute kammantye thite anijjapatte asavandm khaya. ndniya chittam abhi- ninnamesim so:—tyam dukkhanti yatha . bhutam abhannasim...ayam dukkhasamudayott yathabhutam abhannasim, ayam dukkha ntrodho ti yathabhutam abhannasim, ayam dukkha-ntrodha-gamini patipada ti yathabhutam abhannasim ; tme dsava ti yathabhutam abhannasim, ayam dsava-samudayoti yathabhutam “ay aq aanea fra ates ata ada fanqiHaa qeya srataa faa atascad araaai aa ory Prd atareraare At:...24 seaite warya AMA —AA SFaARTINA AaATyaA avons... ay Zeaarataaayd sats, aa Teatacrgaraat ~ = qWeqnaaa ya AAV, ZA aTaatla Faryad ay wot, AT AAA AAA TATYA Avo, azz ar- aq frais aarya soa, aa aaa fattam- fat aizaaita sara aavonfs, aay oy araat 7a qeaat waa feat ates Saat Gas aia 4 JAINISM AND BUDDHISM abhannasim, ayam asava-nirodho ti yathabhutam abhan- nasim, ayam dsava-nirodha-gamini patipada ti yatha- bhutam abhannasin; tassa me evam jdnato evam passato kamasavapi chittam vimuchchitha cimuttasmin vimuttam iti nanam ahosi ; khina jati, vusitam brahm- chariyam, katam karaniyam ndaparam itthatthayati abhannasim, ayam kho mé brahmana rattiya pachhime yame tamo vthato aloko uppanno, yatha tam appamat- tassa dtapino pahitattassa viharto.” An English rendering of the text would be as follows.