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or earlier, Xalmoxis and Fythogoras were preach* mg and teaching like the Butha gurus of Jams and Buddhists. Strabo says "They were a Thrakian sect who lived without wives Their brethren the Masi religiously abstained from eating anything that had life." Homer, of the 7th century B.C. or earlier, called them," most just men ... livers on milk . devoid of desire for nches. John the Baptist, Jesus and their dtsaples are common examjdes of Essenik life in Asia. Josephus says the Essenik brethren like the anaent Dacae neither mamed, drank wine, noi kept servants, living apart. They offer no sacnfices and teach the immortality of the soul as do Jains P. 35. He (Zalmoxis) taught more than the Jama doctnne of the immortality of the soul. P 36. ” He taught .the Indian doctrmes of. transmigration etc. , . .and considered no animal should be injured — all having sonls like men.' P.^0. "The Savans of Alexander found Jamo* Buddhism strongly in the ascendant throughout l^ktria, Oxiana and all the Passes to and from Afghanistan and India." P. 46. Anstotle saying (about 330 B.C.) that I " the Jews of Csele*Syna were Indian philosophers called XVI Introduction m the East Calani and Ikshvaku or sugar*cane people and only Jews, because they lived in Judea These Jews (evidently Essenes) derived from Indian phtloio- pliers vaonderful fortitude tn life, diet and continence. They were, in fact Jaina-Bodhists, whom the great Greek confounded with Syrians. Page 67-202-193 B C. Rise of Chinese Han dynasty, before which say -compilers of Sui dynasty of about 600 AC Buddhism was unknown in China, so that all prior to 200 B C was Jain-Bodhism. From the above statements also the readers will know that the philosophy of the Jains and Buddhas is the same and that this Jain-Buddhist religion was prevalent in the world many thousand years before Christ and that the Jewish and the Christian religions were also influenced by it Both Jainism and Buddhism flourished side by side in many places There are many old places in India which have old relics of both the religions Let me enumerate a few (1) Sarnath (Benares) It is the birth place of 11th Jain Tirthankar Sri Sreyamnsa Nath Still there is a Jam temple and Dharmsala. Jams visit this as a place of pilgrimage Just opposite to the Jam temple there is an old Buddhist stupa This is the place where Gautama Buddha preached his first sermon of middle path On excavations along with many Buddhist images. Jam idols are also found , which are kept outside the museum. (2) Rajagraha (Bihar) Here are five mountains on which there are Jam temples Here the Buddhists Introduction XVU also visit and generally they pay respect to the Jain images. (3) Sravasti or Saheth Maheth (Gonda U.P. in Baliampur State). T his js the birth place of Sambhava Nath tbe third Tirthankaia of the Jams. Some Jain images utere found here. Th^ are kept in the Lucknow Museum. This is the chief religioas place of tbe Buddhists also. (4) Ndsik (Bombay P.) Pandtdena Caves. Here "are many Buddhist caves nith images and stupas. There is also a Jain cave mth Jain images. (5) EUora caves (near Aurangabad, Hyderabad, Niaam state). Here are many caves of the Buddhists and the Jains side by side with their onu images. (6) Taxila (Rawalpindi). Here are many Buddha stupas and images. Some ates are found out nbicb appear to belong to the Jain temples. Vide Guide to Taxila by Sir John Marshall (1921). Page 7. At Jandtal a httle to die north of Kachcba Kota are tno conspicuous mounds, on one of which is a spacious temple dedicated, there is good reason to believe, to fire worship, and a little beyond these a gain, are tbe remains of two smaller stupas which may ba\e been either Jam or Buddhist probably the former. P. 68. Sircap dty — Among these buildings is a spadons apsidal temple of Buddhist and several smaller shrines bdong either to Jain or to Buddhist. P. 74. In several houses, is a stupa shrine occupy* mg in each case a court which opens with the high c XVUI Introduction street The best preserved of these shrines are to be seen in blocks G and F — ^both probably of Jam origin. The reason for regarding these stupas as of Jain rather than Buddhist origin is that they closely resemble certain Jain stupas depicted in reliefs from Mathura. As far as the old literature of Jainism and Buddhism will be comparatively and minutely studied, so far there would appear similarity in theh* root principles. I could not read Svetambara Jam literature which is in Prakrit. I have compared Buddhism only with what is known from Digambar Jam literature. If any scholar will take up the task of comparing Buddhism with what is given m the Svetambara Jain literature there will appear a special gloiy of their similarity. I have made efforts to write this only with the view that the research scholars of philosoph}' in the world may be able to recognise their oneness With my scantj knowledge I have dealt with the subject with a pure heart; if there should be any mistakes the learned maj' kindly inform me of them ; for which I shall ever be grateful to them. Saugar C. P. 24--ip— 1932 BrahMACHARI SlTALPRASAD JaIN, Chandavadt, Suraf. LIST t)y WORKS COlffSULTED. BUBDBIST LnEBAItlBE. (1) Buddhist Wisdom, the mysteiy of the self. by George Grimm, Momch, Germany. C2) Majjbim Nik^’aBbayabheravasotta diatuitba. (3) 91 Sati patthan sntta dtusmam. (4) 99 Mala pariyaya sutta dasamam. (5) If Amja patiyasana sutta 26. (6) 9f Maha malumba snttam chatat> tham 64. (7) The vmrd of the Buddha hy Nvana Tiloka Mahathera, Dodandutn, (C^lon). (8) The Doctrine of the Buddha by George Grimm, Germany (1926). (9) Some Sewings of the Buddha armr ^mg to Pali Canon translated by F. L. Woodward, M.A.. Cantab. Ceylon. (1925). (10) Dhammapada translated 1^' F. Majt Muller. Sacred Books of the East Vol. X GbSl). (11) Sutta Nipata translated hy G. V. Fausbold (1881). (121 VisuddhaMagga of Buddha Ghosha translated by P. Maung Tue. M ^ BsddAff by Edward J. Thomas, MJi., D. Litt (1927). ’ XX List of Works Consulted (14) Sacred Books of the East Vol XVIX by F Max Muller Buddha Charita b} As\aghoshd. (15) Buddha Chari) a Hindi b) Monk Rahula Sankrit)a)ana (1983 v) (16) Sani)utta Nika\a avakata sain)utta (10) (17) Do Chando (1^ (18) Majjhim Nika\a aigaddipama sutta 22. (19) S|am}utta Nika) a (4) Sala)alam Vaggo (20) Sacred Books of the East Vol XI (1881) Mahaparinibhdna<tutta translated by T W. Rh)s Davids (21) Tuvataka Sutta of Sutta Nipata b) Fausbold (1881) (22) Sacred Books of the East III by T W. Rhys Davids Dialogues of the Buddha from DN.P.II (1910) (2J) Majjhim Nika) a Sainmiditthi Sutta 9th. (24) Manuscnpt Remains of the Buddhist Literaturt in Eastern Turkestan b) A F. Rudolf Hoernle (1916) (23) Majjhim Nika) a Savvasava sutta dutiyam (26) Digha Nika) a Sangita suttanta 3 , 33 (27) Samara b) Bhiksu Narada (Ceylon) 1930 (28) Bodhisatta Ideal b) do (29) Majjhim Nika) a Sallekha Sutta athamam. (30) Digha Nika)a (3) Singalo Vada Sutta 37. (31) Anguttara Nikaya 5-177 List of Works Consulted XXI (32) Sutta Nipata Dhammika Sutta. (33) Majjhim Nika>a Vatthapanna sutta (7). (34) Lankavatara Sutta published by Bunym Nanjio, M.A , Otam University. Kyoto (Japan). (35) Majjhim Nikaj'a Maha Siha Nada Sutta (12). Note These Buddhist books can be had at the Mahabodhi Society, Saranath Benares ; Mahabodhi Society, 4 A, Collefe Square, Calcutta and the Imperial Libtaty, Calcutta Jaina Literature. (1) Samaya Sara Prakrit bj Kunda Kunda Acharya o( 49 V S. (1st Cent B C ) (2) A’ttaPahuda bj do (3) PancJti^tik&ya by do (4) Ntyamaaara 1^’ do (5) Tattvartha Sutra bj Uma Su'ami Acharya of tSl V S (1st Cent. A D.) (6) Ratna Karanda Sravakachara by Samanta Bhadra Achaiya (1st Cent AD). (7) Sarvartha Stddhi by Puj\apada Acharya of the 4th Cent A D (8) Samadht Sataka by* do (9) Purushaiiha Siddhtupaya by Amnt Chandra .4charya of the 10th Cent A D. (10) Tattv&rtha Sara by do (11) Satnaya SSra Kalasd do. (12) Sramiachara by' Amitagati Acharya of the 10th Cent A.D. fli' Hfsfs-r BhdzsKC CT ?£C=sz2::c: cf tee iOdi Ce-r. AJ). 'l-T* Sidchs Si:zii hr cr. ‘15 EevifM" Ssf iefi !:j cc. tif* Scjt: 6 - tiJ; S 5 i' Sa 4 cft£r 7 - Ez!c!:!:s£r£ A r^sTy g. tlS' Tcfif 7 &.rss 3 sj ysgsse::^ MenL *1^ TsSciscsss br AcbsrrE Azh Cszt. AJ}. ‘i j, A*r:inssusac^ cr Grr£i:b=£:& Acstts 9i Ce:;. A.D. 21 Lcgkn SsrsTTh: Psthc rj Arddpr Adzsrys cf 1C'± Cec- AJ). C2‘ Ixh^cvz rr ?2f=£n2=£i Aksttb c: KdiCect. AJ). * Ycgzssrz "br Tcjfccracbsrvs. .' 2 -r PCTJ-'^rW^JSSSr CT TcgbcrlttSITe. 25;; TciiwSsrscTDs7sss::zc^zt^9i:Ce=.t.^JD. •25^ Drszrs Sergrs^ br Xsrzdszfs. Srcfbsrta Cbskssxszd cf tbs Sd: Cezt. AJ). •27 Vcfri^gTjr "ab bj C= 2 =£:e cf 16± Ceit^AJ). • iS* Srshei SdrisjU-c rr Azdsssd A r >s - w cf tbs ICfb Cest. .aJ). (Z=i Ssebahs ChsKcmdcrz bv Fec=s=s=a .Aebs:^ cf “s iC-± fet, .AD. CSO' Srarzeizha SfcSrz by Sszaztsbbsdra -A dsrve cf tbs 1st Cect. AD. 5D jKZKsixrz’-z: Sidre hr Taebats .Acbsija- List of Works Consulted xxui (32) Subhastta Ratna Sandoha by Amitagati Acharya (33) Oomat Sara by Nemichandta Siddhanta Chakravatti of the 9th Cent. A.D. (34) Mulachara by Battakera (35) Jnamrnaua b}' Subbachandra Achatya of 11th Cent A.D. AU these boohs art printed and can be had from— (1) The Digambar Jam Publishing House, Chanda* wadi, Sutat. (2) The Jam Grantha I^tnakar Office, Hirabag, Gurgaum, Bombay. Note -"‘Hos 13, 14, 15, 22, and 29, are Included m one book Padsnanandt Pancha Vmsatika Nos 16, 17, 23, 28, and 31 are only m Sanskrit and are included in Stddhanta Saraadt Sangraba, Mandrdiand Grantha Mala No 21 Nos.