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The devotions of the three great sages, Viswamitra, Dur-vasas, and Narada, excited the ridicule of /Samba and his boon companions. They dressed iSamba up to represent a woman with child and took him to the sages, inquiring whether he would give birth to a boy or a girl. The sages answered, " This is not a woman, but the son of Krish?za, and he shall bring forth an iron club which shall destroy the w^hole race of Yadu, . . . and you and all your people shall perish by that club." /Samba accordingly brought forth an iron club, which Ugrasena caused to be pounded and cast into the sea. These ashes produced rushes, and the rushes when gathered turned into clubs, or into reeds which were used as swords. One piece could not be crushed. This was subsequently found in the belly of a fish, and was used to tip an arrow, which arrow was used by the hunter Jaras, who with it unintentionally killed K?ishwa. Under the curse of Dur-vasas, /Samba became a leper and retired to the Panjab, where by fasting, penance, and prayer he obtained the favour of Siirya (the sun), and was cured of his leprosy. He built a temple to the sun on the banks of the Chandra-bhaga (Chinab), and introduced the worship of that luminary. ASA^MBA-PURAiVA. See Purawa. aSAMBARA. In the A^edas, a demon, also called a Dasyu, who fought a^i^ainst Kincj Divodiisa, but was defeated and had his many castles destroyed by Indra. He appears to be a mythical personification of drought, of a kindred character to V?-itra, or identical with him. In the Pura/ias a Daitya who carried off Pradyumna and threw him into the sea, but was SAMBHU—SANDHYA. 277 subsequently slain by bim. (See Pradyumna.) lie was also employed by Hirawya-kasipu to destroy Prablada. yS'AMBHU, A name of /Siva ; also one of the Rudras. /SAMBUKA. A A^udra, mentioned in the Raghu-vansa, who performed religious austerities and jDenances improper for a man of his caste, and was consequently killed by Rama-chandra. iS'AMI. The Acacia suma, the wood of which is used for obtaining fire by friction. So Agni, or fire, is called /Sami- garbha, 'having the yS'ami for its womb.' It is sometimes per- sonified and worshipped as a goddess, /S'ami-devi. SAMP ATI. A mythical bird who appears in the RamayaTia as son of Yishmi's bird Garuda, and brother of Ja/ayus. Ac- cording to another account he was son of AruTza and A^yeni. He was the ally of Rama. SAMYARAA^A. Son of it/ksha, fourth in descent from Ikshwaku, and father of Kuru. According to the Maha-bharata he was driven from Hastina-pura by the Panchalas, and forced to take refuge among the thickets of the Indus. When the sage Vasish/ha joined his people and became the Raja's family priest, they recovered their country under Kuru. SAMVARTA. Writer of a Dharma-sastra or code of law bearing his name. SAM VAT, SAMYATSARA. ' Year.' The era of Yikrama- ditya, dating from 57 b.c. /SAN AI5'-CHARA. ' Slow-moving. ' A name of Sam or Saturn. SANAKA, SANANDA, SANATANA, SANAT-KUMARA. The four Ivumaras or mind-born sons of Brahma. Some specify seven. Sanat-kumara (or Sanat-sujata) was the most prominent of them. They are also called by the patronymic Yaidliatra. See Kumara. SANAT-KUMARA PURAiVA. See Pura??a. SAiSTDHYA. 'Twilight.' It is personified as the daughter of Brahma and wife of /Siva. In the Siva Pura/ia it is related that Brahma having attempted to do violence to his daughter, she changed herself into a deer. Brahma then assumed the form of a stag and pursued her through the sky. Siva saw this, and shot an arrow which cut off" the head of the stag. Bralima then reassumed his own form and paid homage to Sixa. The arrow remains in the sky in the sixth lunar mansion, called Ardra, and the stag's head remains in the fifth mansion, ]\Iriga-siras. 278 SA NDHYA-BALA—SANJNA. SAXDHYA-BALA. ' Strong in twilight.' Eakshasas and other demons, supposed to "be most powerful at twilight. ^S'AiVDILYA. A descendant of >S'a?i(7ila. A particular sage who was connected with the Chhandogya Upanishad ; one who Avrote a book of Siitras, one who wrote upon law, and one who was the author of the Bhagavata heresy : two or more of these may be one and the same person. The Siitras or aphorisms have been pubHshed in the B'lUiotheca Indica. SANDlPANI. A master-at-arms who gave instruction to Bala-rama and K?*/sh?ia. SANDKACOTTUS. See Chandra-gupta. SA:N'GITA-EAT]S^AKARA. a work on singing, dancing, and pantomime, written by /S'arngi Deva. SANHITA. That portion of a Yeda which comprises the hymns. See Yeda. S ANHITOPANISHAD. The eighth BrahmaTza of the Sama- veda. The text Avith a commentary has been published by Burnell. /S'ANL The planet Saturn. The regent of that planet, re- presented as a black man in black garments. /S'ani was a son of the sun and Chhaya, but another statement is that he was the offspring of Bala-rama and Revati. He is also known as Ara, KoTia, and Ivroda {cf. Kooto^), and by the patronymic iS'aura. His influence is evil, hence he is called Kriira-d^-is and Krura-lochana, 'the evil-eyed one.' He is also Manda, ' the slow ;' Pangu, ' the lame;' Sanais-chara, 'slow-moving;' Saptarchi, 'seven-rayed;' and Asita, ' the dark.' SAN JAY A. I. The charioteer of Dh?-/ta-rash/ra. He was minister also, and went as ambassador to the PiiTit^avas before the great war broke out. He is represented as reciting to Dh?ita- rash/ra the Bhagavad-gita. His patronymic is Gavalga?u, son of Gavalgawa. 2. A king of Ujjayini and father of Yasava-datta. SANJ]SrA. 'Conscience.' According to the Puriiwas, she was daughter of Yiswa-karma and wife of the sun. She had three children by him, the Manu A^aivaswata, Yama, and Yami (goddess of the Yamuna river). " Unable to endure the fervours of her lord, Sanjnii gave liim Chhaya (shade) as his handmaid, and repaired to the forests to practise devout exer- cises." The sun beheld her engaged in austerities in the form of a mare, and he approached her as a horse. Hence sprang the SANKARA—SANKHA. 279 two Aswins and Revanta. Surya then took Sanjna back to his own dwelling, but his effulgence was still so overpowering, that her father, Viswa-karma, placed the sun upon his lathe, and cut away an eighth part of his brilliancy. She is also call Dyu- mayi, ' the brilliant,' and Maha-virya, ' the very powerful,' aS'ANKARA. 'Auspicious.' A name of ^iva in his creative character or as chief of the Rudras. /6ANKARACHARYA (iS^ankara + acharya). The great reli- gious reformer and teacher of the Vedanta philosophy, who lived in the eighth or ninth century. He was a native of Kerala or Malabar, and lived a very erratic life, disputing with heretics and popularising the Vedanta philosophy by his preaching and vn?it- ings wherever he went. His travels extended as far as Kashmir, and he died at Kedaranath in the Himalayas at the early age of thirty-two. His learning and sanctity were held in such high estimation and reverence, that he was looked upon as an incarna- tion of /S'iva, and was believed to have the power of working miracles. The god ^iva was the special object of his worship, and he was the founder of the great sect of Smartava Brahmans, who are very numerous and powerful in the south. He established several maths or monasteries for the teaching and preservation of his doctrines. Some of these still remain. The chief one is at Srmga-giri or Sringiri, on the edge of the Western Ghauts in the Mysore, and it has the supreme control of the Smartava sect. The writings attributed to him are very numerous ; chief among them are his Bhashj^as or commentaries on the Sutras or aphorisms of Yyasa, a commentary on the Bhagavad-gita, some commentaries on the Upanishads, and the Ananda-lahari, a hymn in praise of Parvati, the consort of iS'iva. iS'ANKARA-VIJAYA. ' The triumph of 6'ankara.' A bio- graphy of AS'ankaracharya relating his controversies with here- tical sects and his refutation of their doctrines and superstitions. There is more than one work bearing this name ; one by Ananda Giri, which is published in the Bihliotheca Indica ; another by Madhavacharya ; the latter is distinguished as the Sankshepa ^Sankara-vijaya. The work of Ananda Giri has been critically examined by Kashinath Trimbak Telang in the Indian Anti- quary, voL V. SANKARSHAVA. A name of Bala-rama. ^S'ANKHA. AYriter of a Dharma-csastra or law-book bearing 28o SANKHAYANA—SAPTA-SATL liis name. He is often coupled witli Likhita, and the two seem to have worked together. SAXKHAYAXA. i.