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He persuaded I^anda and the cowherds to give up the worship of Indra, and to worship the mountain Govardhana, which sheltered them and their cattle. Incensed at the loss of his offerings, Indra poured down a heavy rain, which would have deluged them, but K?'ish?ia Hfted up the mountain Govardhana, and held it upon his finger as a shelter for seven days and nights, till Indra felt that he was foiled. From this feat he obtained the name of Govardhana-dhara and Tungisa. As he had protected the kine, Indra expressed his satisfaction, and gave him the title of Upendra. He was now approaching manhood, and was very handsome. The gopis were all enamoured of him, and he dispensed his favours very freely. He married seven or eight of them, but his first and favourite Avife was Radlia. At this period of his Hfe he is represented with flowing hair and with a flute in his hand. One of his favourite pastimes was a round dance, called MawcMa-nr^'tya or Kasa-maw/ala, in which he and Eadha formed the centre Avhilst the gopls danced round them. But his happiness was inter- rupted by the machinations of Kansa, who sent formidable demons to destroy him — Arish/a in the form of a bull, and Kesin in the form of a horse. These attempts having failed, Kansa sent his messenger, Akriira, to invite K?'sh?za and Bala- rama to Mathura to attend some games, and he formed several plans for their destruction. They accepted the invitation, and went to Mathura. Near the city they found Kansa's washer- man engaged in his calling. They threw down some of his clothes, and he addressed them insolently, upon which they killed him, and took such clothes as they liked. In his progress he met Kubjii, a crooked damsel, who gave him some unguent, and he repaid her gift by making her straight. In the games he killed Chawura, the king's boxer. Afterwards he killed Kansa himself, and replaced TJgrasena on the throne. He remained in Mathura, and studied the science of arms under Sandipani. He went down to the infernal regions and brought back his six brothers, whom Kansa had killed, and these, having tasted the milk of their motlier, ascended to heaven. During this period he killed KRISHNA. 167 a demon named Pancliajana, ^vho had attacked the son of his teacher. Tliis demon lived in the sea in the form of a conch- shell, and KrisliTia afterwards used this shell, called Pancha- janya, as a trumpet. Kansa's two wives were daughters of Jara-sandha, king of Magadha. This king assembled his forces and marched against Mathura to chastise Krishna, but he was defeated. He renew^ed his attacks eighteen times, and was as often defeated. A new enemy then threatened K^'ishwa, a Yavana or foreigner named Kala-yavana, and Krzsh?2a had been so weakened that he knew he must succumb either to him or to his old enemy the king of Magadlia, so he and all his people migrated to the coast of Guzerat, where he built and fortified the city of Dwaraka. [The Maha-bharata makes no mention of this foreign king, and says that Knshwa retired before the eighteenth attack of Jara-sandlia. The foreign king would, therefore, seem to be an invention of the Pura?zas for saving K?'ish?za's reputation.] After his settlement at Dwaraka, Krishna carried off and married Eukmi?2i, daughter of the Raja of Yidarbha, and the betrothed of ^S'isu-prda. An incident now occurred wdiich brought him two more wives. A Yadava chief named Satrajit had a beautiful gem called Syamantaka, which Kr^sh?^ wished to* possess. Satrajit, for the sake of security, gave the gem into the charge of his brother Prasena, and Prasena was killed in the forest by a lion, who carried off the jewel in his mouth. This lion w^as killed by Jambavat, the king of the bears. Satrajit suspected K?'*sh7ia of taking the jewel, and he, to clear himself, went out into the forest, ascertained the manner of Prasena's death, fought with Jambavat, and recovered the jewel. KrishTza then married Jambavati, the daughter of Jambavat, and Satya- bhama, the daughter of Satrajit. But the number of his wives Avas practically unlimited, for he had 16,000 and a hundred or so besides, and he had 180,000 sons. By Rukmim he had a son Pradyumna and a daughter CharumatT. His son by Jambavati was /S'amba, and by Satya-bhama he had ten sons. Indra came to visit Krishwa at Dwaraka, and implored him to suppress the evil deeds of the demon Naraka. Knsh?za accordingly went to the city of Naraka, killed the demon Muru, who guarded the city, and then destroyed Naraka himself. Iv?i'sh?2a next went to pay a visit to Indra in Swarga, taking with him his wife 1 68 KRISHNA —KRITA - VI R YA. ►Satya-bhama. At her request he requited the hospitality shown him by carrying off the famed Parijata tree, which was produced at the churning of the ocean. The tree belonged to ^S'achi, wife of Indra, and she complained to her husband. Indra drew out his forces and tried to recover it, but was defeated by Krfshwa. Pradyumna, son of Kr/shTia, had a son named Aniruddha, with whom a female Daitya, Usha, daughter of Bawa, fell in love. She induced a companion to carry off the young man, and Krishna, Bala-rama, and Pradyumna went to rescue him. Bawa, with the whole Daitya host, and assisted by ^S'iva and Skanda, the god of war, encountered them. K?'ish?za, " with the weapon of yawning, set >S'iva agape," and so overpowered hiim Skanda was wounded. Ba?ia maintained a fierce combat with Krzshwa, and was severely wounded, but Krishwa spared his life at the intercession of *S^iva, and Aniruddha was released. There was a man named PauTif^raka, who was a Vasu-deva, or descendant of one Vasu-deva. Upon the strength of the identity of this name with that of Vasu-deva, the father of Krishna, this man Pau7?c?raka assumed the insignia and title of K?*isliwa, and he had the king of Kasi or Benares for an ally. KrishTza slew PauTi- c?raka, and he hurled his flaming discus at Benares and destroyed that city. Such are the principal incidents of the life of Knshwa as given in the Hari-vani^a, the Pura?ias, and the Prem Sagar. Similarity in the sound of the name, and some incidents in the life of Krishria, have led some to believe that the legend of Krishna had its origin in the life of Christ, but this is not the general opinioiL Krishna has many appellations derived from his family rela- tions, his exploits, and personal characteristics ; and there are many which apply both to the full deity, Vishnu, and his incar- nation, Krishna. Ki?/SHiVA. The personal name of DraupadL Ki^/SHNA DWAIPAYANA. See Vyasa. K7?/TANTA. A name of Yama, the god of deatli. K/t/TA-VARMAN. A Kuru warrior, one of the last sur- viving three who made the murderous night attack upon the camp of the Pan^avas. {See Maha-bhilrata.) He was killed in a drunken brawl at Dwaraka. He was also called Bhoja. K7?/TA-VlRYA. Son of Dhanaka and father of the Arjuua who is better know by his patronymic Karta-virya. KRITA YUGA—KULA-PARVATAS, 169 K?'ita-virya was a great patron of the Blingus, and according to the Purawas, "he ruled over the whole earth with might and justice, and offered 10,000 sacrifices. Of him this verse is still recited, ' The kings of the earth will assuredly never pursue his steps in sacrifice, in munificence, in devotion, in courtesy, and in self-control.' " Ki^/TA YUGA. The first age of the world, a period of 1,728,000 years. See Yuga. Ki^/TTIKAS. The Pleiades. The six nurses of Karttikeya, the god of war. They were daughters of a king according to one legend, wives of i^ishis according to another. KKIYA-YOGA-SAEA. A portion of the Padma Purawa treating of rites and ceremonies. Bee Padma Pura^za. KEODHA, KRODHA-YAS'A. One of the many daughters of Daksha and sister-wives of Kasyapa. She was the mother "of all sharp-toothed monsters, whether on the earth, amongst the birds, or in the waters, that were devourers of flesh.'' KSHAiVADA-CHARA 'Night walkers.' Ghosts of evil character, gobhns, Rakshasas. KSHAPAiVAKA. An author who was one of " the nine gems " at the court of Yikramaditya. See Nava-ratna. KSHATRIYA. The second or regal and warrior caste. See Yarna. KSHATTRI. A name by which Yidura was familiarly called. The term, as explained in Manu, means the son of a *Sudra father and Brahman mother, but Yidura's father was a Brahman and his mother a slave girL KSHEMAKA Son of Nira-mitra or Nimi, and the last prince of the Lunar race. There is a memorial verse quoted in the YishTiu Pura?