English
It was Yiswamitra who prevailed upon King Dasa-ratha to send his son Rama for the protection of the Brahmans against the attacks of Rava?za and his Rakshasas. He acted as his guru, and returned with Rama to Ayodliya, where the prince obtained the hand of Sita. In the MarkawZeya and other Pura?2as the story is told of Yiswamitra's implacable persecution of King Haris-chandra (see Haris-chandra), one result of which was that Yasish/ha and Yiswamitra cursed each other so that they were turned into birds, and fought together most furiously till Brahma put an end to the conflict, restored them to their natural forms, and compelled them to be reconciled. 368 VISWA-RUPA—VRAJA. YIS'WA-RtJPA. ' Wearing all forms, omniiDresent, universal ; ' a title of Yishwu. YI^SWAVASU. A chief of tlie Gandliarvas in Indra's heaven. YLSWE-SWARA. 'Lord of aU.' A name of ^iva. The celebrated Linsi^a or emblem of AS'iva at Benares. See Linp^a. YiTA-HAYYA A king of the Haihayas. His sons attacked and slew all the family of Divodiisa, king of Ivasi. A son, named Pratardana (q.v.), was subsequently born to Divodasa, and he attacked the Haihayas and compelled Yita-havya to fly to the sage Bhr^gu for protection. Pratardana pursued him, and demanded that he should be given up. Then " Yita-havya, by the mere word of Bh?igu, became a Brahman it/shi and an utterer of the Yeda" (Maha-bharata). His son, Gritsa-mada, was a highly honoured it/shi, and author of several hymns in the jRig-veda. He was the founder of the tribe of Haihayas called Yita-havyas. YITASTA. The classic Hydaspes, the Behat of later days, and the modern Jhelam. YIYADA-BHANGARAA.YA. A code of Hindu law ac- cording to the Bengal school, composed by Jagan-natha Tarka- lankara at the end of the last century. It has been translated by Colebrooke, and is commonly known as ColebrooJce's Digest YIYADA-CHANDRA. A law-book of the Benares school by Lakhima Devi, a learned lady. YIYADA - CHINTAMAA^I. A law-book of the Mithila school by Yachaspati INIisra. The text is in print. YIYADA-RATNAKARA. A law-book of the Benares school by Chandeswara, Avho lived about 13 14 a.d. YIYADA-TAiYDAYA. A law-book of the Benares school by Ratnakara. YIYASWAT. 'The l)right one.' The sun. {See Surya,) Used sometimes perhaps for the firmament. YIYINDHAYA. A Danava killed in battle by Chfiru- deslma, son of Kn'sh/ia. See Maha-bharata. YOPA-DEYA A grammarian of great repute, who lived about the thirteenth century a.d. at Deva-giri, and wrote the !Mugdha-bodha. YRAJA. A pastoral district about Agra and Mathura, where Krislma ]3assed his boyhood with the cowherds. VJ^ATVA— VYAHRITIS. 369 YE AT Y A. " Persons whom the twice-born beget on women of their own classes, but who omit the prescribed rites and have abandoned the Gayatri, are to be designated as Yrat^^as." — Manu. Yi?/DDHA. 'Old.' An epithet frequently found jDrefixed to the books of ancient writers, and evidently implying that there are one or more versions or recensions — as Ynddha Manu, Yriddha Harita. See Dharma-sastra. Yi^/HAT-KATHA. 'Great story.' A large collection of tales from which the Katha-sarit-sagara was drawn. There is a critical examination of this work by Dr. Btililer in the Indian Antiquary, vol. i. Yi?/HAT-SANHITA. The astronomical work of Yaraha ]\Iihira. Yi^/HAN NAEADlYA PUKAYA. An Upa-pura?ia. See Purawa. Yi?/HASPATI. See Br^haspatl YEIKOBAHA. ' Wolf beUy.' An epithet of Bhima. YFil^BA-YAl^A. A wood in the district of Mathura where Is^rishnsL passed his youth, under the name of Gopala, among the cowherds. Yit/SHYI. A descendant of Yadu, and the ancestor from w^hom K?"zsh??a got the name Yarshweya. Yi?/SHY1S, Y7^/SHYAYAS. The descendants of Ynshm, son of Madhu, whose ancestor was the eldest son of Yadu. l^rishna, belonged to this branch of the Lunar race. Yii/TEA. In the Yedas he is the demon of drought and ungenial weather, with whom Indra, the god of the firmament, is constantly at war, and whom he is constantly overpowering, and releasing the rain. Sometimes called Y?'itrasura. Yi^/TEA-HAK The slayer of Yntra. A title of Indra. YYADI. An old grammarian and lexicographer, somewhat later in time than Pa^zini. A story in the Y?ihat-katha repre- sents him as contemporary with YararuchL YYAHit/TIS. Three mystical words said by Manu to have been milked from the Yedas by Prajapati — the word bliur, from the i^^g-veda ; the word bhuvah, from the Yajur-veda; and the word swar, from the Sama-veda {Manu, ii. 76). The /Sata- patha Brahma?ia defines them as " three luminous essences " which Prajapati produced from the Yedas by heating them. 2 A 370 VVAKAI^ANA—yVA VAHARA-CHINTAMANI, '' He littered the word hlmr, which became this earth ; hhuvah, which became this firmament ; and sivar, which became that sky." A fourth word, maliar, is sometimes added, and is pro- bably intended to represent the Atharva-veda. See Loka. YYAKARAiVA. 'Grammar.' One of the Yedangas. The science of grammar has been carefiUly studied among tlie Hindus from very ancient times, and studied for its own sake as a science rather than as a means of acquiring or regulating language. The grammar of Pa?iini is the oldest of those known to survive, but Pawini refers to several grammarians who preceded himself. One of them was named ^S'aka/ayana, a portion of whose work is said to have been discovered lately. VYASA. ' An arranger.' This title is common to many old authors and compilers, but it is especially applied to Yeda-vyasa the arranger of the Yedas, who, from the imperishable nature of his work, is also called /S'aswatas, ' the immortal' The name is given also to the compiler of the IMaha-bharata, the founder of the Yedanta philosophy, and the arranger of the Purawas ; all these persons being held to be identical with Yeda-vyasa. But this is impossible, and the attribution of all these works to one person has arisen either from a desire to heighten their antiquity and authority, or from the assumed identity of several different " arrangers." Yeda-vyasa was the illegitimate son of the Pikhi Parasara and Satyavati, and the child, who was of a dark colour, was brought forth on an island (dwipa) in the Yamuna. Being illegitimate he was called Kanina, the ' bastard ; ' from his com- plexion he received the name Krishwa, and from his birtliplace he was called Dwaipayana. His mother afterwards married King ^S'antanu, by whom she had two sons. The elder was killed in battle, and the younger, named Yichitra-vlrya, died childless. Knsh7za Dwaipayana preferred a life of religious retirement, but in accordance with law and at his mother's request, he took the two childless widows of her son, Yichitra-vlrya. By them he had two sons, Dh?ita-rash^ra and ViHidw, between whose descendants the great war of the Malia-bharata was fought. The Pura?i!as mention no less than twenty-eight Yyiisas, incarnations of Yislmu or Brahma, who descended to the earth in different ages to arrange and promulgate the Yedas. YYAYAHARA-CHINTAMAA^I A law-book of the Benares school by Yachaspati Misra. VVA VAHARA-MA YUKHA—YAJNA-SENA. 37 1 YYAVAHARA-MAYUKHA. A law-book of the Maliratta school by Nilakan/ha Bha//a. Translated by Borrodaile. VYAVAHARA-TATWA. A modern work on law accord- ing to the Bengal school by Raghunandana, who is also called Smarta-Bha//acharya. YADAVA. A descendant of Yadii. The Yadavas were the celebrated race in which Kr/shwa was born. At the time of his birth they led a pastoral life, but under him they established a kingdom at Dwaraka in Gujarat. All the Yadavas who were present in that city after the death of KrishTia perished in it when it was submerged by the ocean. Some few were absent, and perpetuated the race, from which many princes and chiefs still claim their descent. The great Rajas of Vijaya-nagara asserted themselves as its representatives. The Aash?iu Pura/z^a says of this race, " Who shall enumerate the wdiole of the mighty men of the Yadava race, who were tens of ten thousands and hundreds of hundred thousands in number ? " YADU. Son of King Yayati of the Lunar race, and founder of the line of the Yadavas in which Knsh?ia was born. He refused to bear the curse of decrepitude passed upon his father by the sage ^S'ukra, and in consequence he incurred the paternal curse, "Your posterity shall not possess dominion." Still he received from his father the southern districts of his kingdom, and his posterity prospered. YAJA.