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Afterwards he penetrated into the Dakshi/ia or south country, and fought with the Nishadas and DravifZians : then went westwards to Gujarat, and finally conducted the horse back to Hastinapura, where the great sacrifice was performed. He was subsequently called to Dwaraka by Ivnshwa amid the internecine struggles of the Yadavas, and there he performed the funeral ceremonies of Yasudeva and of Knsh?ia. Soon after this he retired from the world to the Himalayas. {See, Maha-bharata. ) He had a son named Iravat by the serpent nymph Ulupi ; Babhru-vahana, by the daughter of the king of Mampura, became king of that country ; Abhimanyu, born of his wife Su-bhadra, was killed in the great battle, but the kingdom of Hastinapura descended to his son Parikshit. Arjuna has many appellations : Bibhatsu, Gu(ia-kesa, Dhananjaya, Jishmi, Kirl/in, Paka-sasani, Phiilguna, Savya-sachin, ^Sweta-vahana, and Partha. ARJUNA. Son of K?'ita-vlrya, king of the Haihayas. He is better known under his patronymic Kiirta-virya (q.v.). ARTHA-aS'ASTRA. The useful arts. IMechanical science. ARUA^A. ' Red, rosy.' The dawn, personified as the charioteer 24 ARUNDHA TI—ARYAVARTA. of the sun. This is of later origin than the Vedic TJshas (q.v.). He is said to be the son of Kasyapa and Kadru. He is also called Rumra, ' tawny,' and by two epithets of which the mean- ing is not obvious, An-uru, ' thighless,' and A.smana, ' stony.' ARUXDHATI. The morning star, personified as the wife of the it/shi Yasish^ha, and a model of conjugal excellence. ARUSHA, ARUSHL ' Red.' ' A red horse.' In the Big- veda the red horses or mares of the sun or of fire. The rising sun. ARYAX, ARVA 'A horse.' One of the horses of the moon. A fabulous animal, half-horse, half-bird, on which the Daityas are supposed to ride. ARVAYASU. 8ee Raibhya. ARYA, ARYAX. 'Loyal, faithful' The name of the im- migrant race from which all that is Hindu originated. The name by which the people of the jRig-veda " called men of their own stock and rehgion, in contradistinction to the Dasyus (or Dasas), a term by which we either understand hostile demons or the rude aboriginal tribes " of India, who were An-aryas. ARYA-BHArA. The earliest known Hindu writer on alge- bra, and, according to Colebrooke, " if not the inventor, the improver of that analysis," which has made but little advance in India since. He was born, according to his own account, at Kusuma-pura (Patna), in a.d. 476, and composed his first astro- nomical work at the early age of tw^enty-three. His larger work, the Arya Slddhdnta, was produced at a riper age. He is pro- bably the Andubarius (Ardubarius f) of the Chronichon Faschale, and the Arjabahr of the Arabs. Two of his works, the Dasdglti- saira and Aryctshtasata, have been edited by Kern under the title of Aryabha^Iya. See Whitney in Jour. Arner. Or. Society for i860, Dr. Bhau Daji in /. E. A. S. for 1865, and Barth in Ilevue Critique for 1875. There is another and later astronomer of the same name, distinguished as Laghu Arya-bha/a, i.e., Arya- bha/a the Less. ARYAIMAN. 'A bosom friend.' i. Chief of the Pitris. 2. One of the Adityas. 3. One of the Yiswe-devas. ARYA SIDDHANTA. The system of astronomy founded by Arya-bha/a in liis work bearing this name. ARYAYARTA. 'The land of the Aryas.' The tract between the Himalaya and the Yindhya ranges, from the eastern to the western sea. — Manu. ASAMANJAS—ASHTAVAKRA. 25 ASAMANJAS. Son of Sagara and Kesini. He was a wild and wicked young man, and was abandoned by his father, but he succeeded him as king, and, according to the Hari-vansa, he was afterwards famous for valour under the name of Panchajana. ASAlsTGA. Author of some verses in the i?*g-veda. He was son of Playoga, but was changed into a woman by the curse of the gods. He recovered his male form by repentance and the favour of the i^^shi Medhatithi, to whom he gave abundant wealth, and addressed the verses preserved in the Veda. AaS'AEA. a Rakshasa or other demon. ASHrAVAKRA. A Brahman, the son of Kahof^a, whose story is told in the Maha-bharata. Kahotia married a daughter of his preceptor, Ucldalaka, but he was so devoted to study that he neglected his wife. Wlien she was far advanced in her pregnancy, the unborn son was provoked at his father's neglect of her, and rebuked him for it. Kahoc?a was angry at the child's impertinence, and condemned him to be born crooked ; so he came forth with his eight (ashta) limbs crooked (vaJcra) ; hence his name. Kaho6?a went to a great sacrifice at the court of Janaka, king of Mithila. There was present there a great Buddhist sage, who challenged disputations, upon the under- standin!^ that whoever was overcome in arcrument should be thrown into the river. This was the fate of many, and among them of Kahoc?a, who was drowned. In his twelfth year Ash- tavakra learned the manner of his father's death, and set out to avenge him. The lad was possessed of great ability and wisdom. He got the better of the sage who had worsted his father, and insisted that the sage should be thrown into the water. The sage then declared himself to be a son of YaruTza, god of the waters, • who had sent him to obtain Brahmans for officiating at a sacrifice by overpowering them in argument and throwing them into the water. "Wlien all was explained and set right, Kaho(/a directed his son to bathe in the Samanga river, on doing which the lad became perfectly straight. A story is told in the VisliTiu Pura?ia that Ashtavakra was standing in water perform- ing penances when he was seen by some celestial nymj)hs and worshipped by them. He was pleased, and told them to ask a boon. They asked for the best of men as a husband. He came out of the water and offered himself. "When they saw him, ugly and crooked in eight places, they laughed in derision. He 26 ASIKNI—ASOKA. •was angry, and as lie could not recall his blessing, he said that, after obtaining it, they should fall into the hands of thieves. ASTKNL The Vedic name of the Chinab, and probably the origin of the classic Akesines. A-.SIRA?^. ' Headless.' Spirits or beings "without heads. A/S'^rAKA. Son of MadayantI, the wife of Kalmasha-pada or Saudasa, See Kalmusha-pada, A6'0KA. A celebrated king of the Maurya dynasty of !Magadha, and grandson of its founder, Chandra-gupta. " This king is the most celebrated of any in the annals of the ])uddhists. In the commencement of his reign he followed the lirahmanical faith, but became a convert to that of Buddha, and a zealous encourager of it. He is said to have maintained in liis palace 64,000 Euddhist priests, and to have erected 84,000 columns (or topes) throughout India. A great convocation of liuddhist priests was held in the eighteenth year of his reign, which was followed by missions to Ceylon and other places." He reigned thirty-six years, from about 234 to 198 B.C., and exercised authority more or less direct from Afghanistan to Ceylon. This fact is attested by a number of very curious Pali inscriptions found engraven upon rocks and pillars, all of them of the same purport, and some of them almost identical in words, the variations showing little more than dialectic differences. Tliat found at Kapur-di-giri, in Afghanistan, is in the Bactrian Pali character, written from right to left ; all the others are in the India Pali character, written from left to right. The latter is the oldest known form of the character now in use in India, but the modern letters have departed so far from their proto- types that it required all the acumen and diligence of James I'rinsep to decipher the ancient forms. These inscriptions show .1 great tenderness for animal life, and are Buddliist in their diaracter, but they do not enter upon the distinctive peculiarities of that religion. The name of A^'oka never occurs in them ; the king who set them up is called Piyadasi (Sans. Priya-dar^i), 'the beautiful,' and he is entitled Devanam-piya, * the beloved of the gods.' Buddhist writings identify this I'iyadasi with Asoka, and little or no doubt is entertained of the two names represent- ing the same person. One of the most curious passages in these inscriptions refers to the Greek king Antiochus, calling him and tlirec others " Turamayo, Antakana, Mako, and Alika- ASRAMA—ASURA. 27 simari," which represent Ptolemy, Antigonus, Magas, and Alex- ander.