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ix Avadanas— The Goddess Merit and the Goddess Blaclcness— The young- Brahman— The merchant— The poisonous tree— PUe of filth— The deep abyss— The tank— The wise minister— The broken chariot — The rich man's house — The poor man's want — The land-tortoise The Autumn moon— The sweet melon— The full moon — The just monarch— The lamp— The dried-up river— The destructive hail— The character of death — As a fire— As a deluge — As a tempest of wind — As a Garuda— As the trees On the river's bank — The power of Nara- yana— As the hypocrite— As the rain-fall— As Mara— As the flat- tering minister .... 142- 172 NIRVANA. The character of Nirvana — Chinese definitions — The discussions found in the Maha-pari-Nirvana Siitra— With Basita— With Sena— With Kasaypa— WithPurna (or, Purana)— With Vatsa-putra 172-188 THE STJTRA OF THE FORTY-TWO SECTIONS. Comparison of this work with the Dhamma-pada— Its historical posi- tion in China— Its ethical character— Definition of a Shaman- Capacities of a Eahat— Object of a religious life— Duties of a Shaman— Ten inducements to evil, and ten to good — Consequence of impenitence — The rule of returning good for evil — The folly of reviling good— The nature of unselfish charity— The relative worth of good deeds— The difEculties of a religious life— The method of advance — Definition of a good man — The character of an im- pure life — The illumination consequent on religious devotion — The supreme end of Ufe— The impermanence of all around us — The character of Faith— Of self-reflection—The pursuit of per- sonal pleasure — The love of wealth — The character of Love — Sexual inclinations— Desire— Example of disappointed lust— The stream of life — Unbelief— Looking on a woman — The destiny of lust- ful desires— The folly of mere bodily mortification— The history of the lustful maid — The comparison with the warrior — The wearied Shaman— The foundry— The comparison of the "Good "and the "Bad"— DifiBculties— The value of life— Obedience— Comparison of honey and the knife— Counting beads— The comparison of the wearied oxen— The true worth of earthly dignities - 188-204 THE PRATIMOKSHA. Original rules of the Buddhist profession— The Telesdhutanga rules — The " Four Divisions" — The divisions of the Pratimoksha— In- troductory Gathas — Prei^aratory questions — Commencement — The four Parajika rules-~The thii-teen Sanghadisesa rules — The two Anitya rules — The thirty Nissaggiya-pachittiya rules — The ninety pachittiya rules— The four Phatidesaniya rules — The hundred Sek- khiya rules— The seven " Mieh-Tsang" laws ' - - 204-239 THE DAILY MANUAL OF THE SHAMAN. Verses to be said on awaking from sleep — On hearing the Convent b X TABLE OP CONTENTS. Bell — On rising from bed — On assuming the robes — On walk- ing^On washing — On drinking water — On spreading out the mat — On entering the sacred precincts — On bowing before Buddha — On adoring a Tope — Other occasions mentioned in the OfiBce 239-244 THE TIAN t'AI SCHOOL OF BUDDHISM. The priest Chi-K'ai — His retirement from the world — The scene of his labours — His system of Doctrine — A recent account of his suc- cessors— A conversation respecting Buddhist belief — The mean- ing of production and annihilation in a Buddhist sense (jati and marana) — The book known as the Siau-chi-kwan — The meaning of Chi-Kwan — The introductory verses — Means to be used — Five external means — Observing the Precepts— Clothing and food — Dwelling-place — Freedom from worldly concerns — Promotion of vir- tuous knowledge — Continuation of the system of Tian-t'ai — Chiding the evil desires — The lust after beauty — The lust after sound — The lust after perfumes — The lust of taste — The lust of touch — The misery consequent on indulging these desires — Casting away hindi'ances — The hindrance of covetousness — The hindrance of anger — The hindrance of sloth — The hindrance of restlessness —The hindrance of unbelief — Harmonising the faculties — Duties as to food — Duties as to sleep — Duties as to the regulation of the body, breathing and thinking — Adjustment of the clothes — Straightening the body — Position of the hands and feet — Cleansing the mouth — The four ways of breathing — Suppressing confused thoughts — Overcoming deadness — Destroying flightiness — Excluding excitement — Emerging from Samadhi — Concluding verses 244-273 PART III. SCHOLASTIC PERIOD. General division of the Buddhist development —The Prajiia Paramita SCitras — Pari-Nii'vana as defined in the Vajra-chedika Sutra — The condition of the Absolute — DifSculty of defining this condition — Quotations from Christian writers— From Buddhist Sutras — Meaning of the word paramita — Chinese versions of the Prajna Paramita — Comparative size of the works in question — The Sin-king or heart Sutra — The edition by Wu-tsing-tsze — The Commentary by Tai- theen — The agreement of three sects — Illustration of arguments used by Wu-tsing-tze - - - - 273-282 TRANSLATION OF SUTEAS. The Maha-Prajna-paramita-hridaya-Sutra — The Devata of the Sutra — The Eishi of the Sutra — The character of the argument — Concluding Dharani — The Suraugama Sutra— Chinese name — Translated by Paramiti — Commentators — Date — References to it in other works — Size of the work — Introductory sections — Commencement of the TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi argument — The seat of the mind and the eye— Argument with Prasonadjit— Existence of a soul — The true nature of Tathagata —The hallucination of the senses -The argument of " harmonious union"— The nature of the elements— The true character of phaeno- menal existence — The oneness of being and not-being — Conclusion drawn from the madness of Yadjiiadatta — The comparison of the cataract of the eye — The loosening of the knots and the return to the fundamental unity - - - . 282-369 PAET IV. MYSTIC PEEIOD. Definition of mysticism— The convent at Nalanda— Arya-deva— Eahula- bhadra — The Western Paradise — Amitabha — Origin of the myth —Signification of the name— Chinese ex]3lanations of it— Mystical meaning — Kwan-shai-yin— The invocation of Amitabha— Virtue attending faith— Modes of worship— Eesult of faith — The West- ern Paradise — Work translated by Kumarajiva — Sanscrit name —Situation— Perfection of it— Blessedness of its inhabitants— The worship of Kwan-yin— Origin of this cultus— Probably derived from the ambiguous meaning of Samantamukha — Vagishwara-Devi The early worship of Avalokiteshwara— Translation of the Bud- dhist Canon in Ceylon— The cave Aloka— The Abhaya Vihara The chapel called Bodhi— The island of Poo-to— Names used in Nipal— Mystical aspect of the worship of Kwan yin— Eeference to Kwan-yin in the Suraiigama Sutra— In the Saddharma-Puudarika 370-389 TRANSLATIONS. Translation of the Manifestation (samanta) section— Origin of the name Kwan-shai yin— Eesults to those who invoke him— Protector against fire, water, robbers— Deliverer of those bound— Protector of mer- chants—Saviour from the power of lust— Patron of women— Eeasons of Kwan-yin's manifestation— Methods or expedients (upaya)— Offering of Akchayamati— Eecitation of Gathas— The Liturgy of Kwan-yin— Origin of this office not recorded— Published in the Ming dynasty— Similarity in outline with Christian Liturgies— Possibly shaped after a Nestorian model — Imperial preface by Yung-loh— Introduction— Mode of consecrating the Mandala— Eules for worshiijpers— The entrance— Hymn of incense— Oblation of flowers - Mystic hymn — Invocation — Prayer — Chant of praise— Triple invocation, lesson, invocation, lesson— The Dharani— Humble confession-- Vows of repentance— Dismissal - 389-410 PAET V. DECLINE AND FALL. Mystical Pantheism— Adoption of Tantra worship— Fusion with the Xn TABLE OF CONTENTS. sects — Sivite objects of worship — Chinese exposition of this develop- ment— The Dhavani of Tchnndi— The origin of this name — Another form of Durga — The idea of Georgi with reference to it— The mode of sitting — The position of the hands — The Gathas of Nagai-djuna ^The Dharani of the pure world — The Dharani of Manjusri — The Dharaui of Tchundi — The circle-dharani — Gathas - 410-415 NAGA WORSHIP. The character of this superstition — The Sutra for asking rain — Its Sanscrit name — Translated into Chinese by Nalanda Yasa — Age — Imperial j^reface by Kien-Lung — The cause of its being pub- lished— Abstract of the Sutra — Buddha's residence when it was delivered — The infinite number of Nagas- -Their mode of worship — The address — The reply — The recitation of Dharani — Names of Tathagatas — Description of Naga temple — Conclusion 415-423 Additional Notes - - . . . 424 General Index - . . . . 427 Index of Proper Names, arranged Phonetically - 431 Xlll LIST OF BOOKS PARTLY OR WHOLLY TRANSLATED IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES.